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Sociology Tallu > 4.7 - Green Crime, Globalisation & State Crime > Flashcards

4.7 - Green Crime, Globalisation & State Crime Flashcards

1
Q

Crime & Globalisation (KS)

A

> Held (Global Criminal Economy)
Castells (GCE, Supply & Demand, GRC)
Beck (GRC)

> Taylor (Marxism, Globalisation & Crime)
LR (Globalisation & Crime)

> Friedrichs (COG)
Cain (COG)

> Hobbs & Dunnigham (Globalisation & Patterns of Criminal Organisation)
Hobbs & Dunnigham (Glocal Organisations)

> Glenny (McMafia & Globalisation of McMafia)

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2
Q

Held (Global Criminal Economy)

A

> Globalisation of crime, due to + interconnectedness of crime across national borders

> Many causes e.g. New ICT, global mass media, cheap air travel etc

> Now spread of transnational organised crimes

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3
Q

Castells - Global Criminal Economy (GCE)

A

> Now GCE worth > 1 trillion per annum w/ many forms

> e.g. Arms trafficking, trafficking illegal prostitutes, sex tourism, terroism

> Drugs trade worth 400B, money laundering profits for organised crime worth 1.5T

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4
Q

Castells - Globalisation, Supply & Demand

A

> Western states have demand for products/services & developing world, feeds demand w/ supply

> e.g. drugs made in Colombia & Peru, as peasants find drug cultivation > profitable > traditional crops

> But are consumed in 1st world countries

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5
Q

Beck - Global Risk Consciousness (GRC)

A

> Ppl now more conscious of risks of globalisation & eco migrants & asylum seekers fleeing prosecution

> Led to western anxieties on risk of opening borders, media creates MP, so leds to hate crimes vs minorities

> Led to response of tightening control of UK borders

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6
Q

Taylor - Marxism, Globalisation & Crime

A

> Creates crime @ both ends of social spectrum WC suffer from lack of legit employment opportunities

> Due to outsourcing to cheaper labour pools & lack of welfare so illegal options are more rational e.g. drug trade

> UC benefit as globalisation of money markets led to + insider trading, tax evasion/wide-scale fraud.

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7
Q

General Criticisms of Taylor

A

Doesn’t explain why not all ppl turn to crime

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8
Q

LR - Globalisation & Crime

A

> Materialistic culture promoted by global media encourages ppl to see themselves as individual consumers

> Undermining SS & leads to crime

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9
Q

Globalisation & Problems w/ Policing

A

> Crimes are transnational so needs co-operation w/ diff law enforcement agencies to convict criminals

> Illegalities in 1 state may not be in another & D many be in 1 country & V in another

> So hard to decide jurisdiction

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10
Q

Friedrichs - Crimes of Globalisation (COG)

A

> IMF & World Bank, do COG, imposing pro-capitalist structural adjustment programmes on poor countries

> So requires them to cut public spending, leading to unemployment

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11
Q

Cain - COG

A

> IMF are global state w/ actions causing widespread harm & eco conditions for state crimes e.g. Rwandan genocide

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12
Q

Patterns of Criminal Organisation

A

Globalisation creates new criminal opportunties & give rise to new forms of criminal organization

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13
Q

Hobbs & Dunnigham - Globalisation & Patterns of Criminal Organisation

A

Involves indvidual acting as a hub, which loose-knit network forms, linking legit & illegitimate opportunities.

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14
Q

Hobbs & Dunnigham - Glocal Organisations

A

> New organisations w/ crime locally based but w/global connections

> e.g. drug smuggling (global) but depends on local setting e.g. where to sell

> Diff from rigid, hierarchal, mafia-style crim org of past much + fluid, flexible & faster responding to new opportunities.

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15
Q

Evaluation of Hobbs and Dunningham

A

> Unclear if patterns of organisation are new or old 1’s disappeared, may 2 always co-existed.

> Conclusions are ungeneralisable criminal activities elsewhere.

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16
Q

What is McMafia?

A

Org’s emerging in Russia & East Europe after fall of communism

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17
Q

Glenny - McMafia

A

> New Rus Gov deregulated economy, prices of food & rent + commodities e.g. gas/oil kept @ same price (low compared w/ ROW)

> Rich oligarchs brought these cheaply & sold for + prices on world market

> For protection from violence they hired ‘mafias’ who’d begun to arise e.g. former KGB men & ex-convicts.

> Mafias were purely eco organisations based on self-interests

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18
Q

Glenny - Globalisation of McMafia

A

> Mafia’s became famous for professionalism & efficiency, so began to brand themselves e.g. as Chechen Mafia

> So due to globalisation became franchised around world as protection rackets

> Building links w/ crim orgs in other countries.

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19
Q

Green Crimes

A

Harms done to environment incl. Animals

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20
Q

Globalisation of Green Crime

A

> Threats to eco-system have global effects e.g. nuclear accident in 1 country

> Can spread radioactive material, thousands of miles away

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21
Q

Green Crimes (KS)

A

> Beck (Global Risk Society)

> TC (View on Green Crime)
GC (View on Green Crime)
Marxism (View on GC)

> South (Primary and Secondary Green Crime)

> Wolf (Victims of Green Crime Toxic Waste Dumping & Perpetrators of Green Crime)

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22
Q

Beck (Global Risk Society)

A

> Natural threats of past are now less dangerous > man-made threats

> Can now give resources for all through tech, so created manufactured risks, dangers not faced b4

> Threatening all of humanity w/out solutions for them e.g. global warming, leads to global risk society - all shares = risks

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23
Q

Views on Green Crime

A

> Traditional Criminology

> Green Criminology

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24
Q

Traditional Criminology (TC) - View on Green Crime

A

> e.g. define environmental crime as unauthorised act/omission violating laws of state

> Only concerned w/ whether it breaks any national law

> So won’t see global warming/acid rain as crime as they don’t break any laws.

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25
Q

Criticisms of Traditional Criminology

A

Accepts official def of environmental crime shaped by large corporations to serve own interests

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26
Q

Green Criminology (GC) - View on Green Crime

A

> Sees it as any action harming environment, humans & animals etc, even if laws aren’t broken

> Legal def’s can’t give consistent global standard as they vary from state to state

> Worst of environmental harms aren’t illegal, so subject matter of GC wider > TC, incl. new issues

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27
Q

Marxism & GC

A

> Similar approach challenging powerful groups who can shape law to define in their own interests what’s environmental harm

> So actions aren’t criminalised

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28
Q

Two Views of Harm

A

> Anthropocentric

> Ecocentric

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29
Q

Anthropocentric

A

> Human-centred view e.g. we have right to dominate nature for own ends & put eco growth b4 environment.

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30
Q

Ecocentric

A

See us & environment as interdependent, so environmental harm, hurts us also.

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31
Q

South - Types of Green Crimes

A

> Primary

> Secondary

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32
Q

South - Primary Green Crime

A

> Crimes direct result of destruction & degradation of earth’s resources

> e.g. Air pollution, deforestations, animal abuse, water pollution

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33
Q

South - Secondary Green Crimes

A

> Results from defying rules aimed @ stopping regulating environmental disasters

> e.g. State violence vs environmental groups, hazardous waste & organised crime (toxic waste dumping)

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34
Q

Wolf - Victims of Green Crime Toxic Waste Dumping

A

> Legal disposal of toxic waste is expensive, so businesses use eco-mafia’s profiting from illegal dumping

> Often globalised e.g. western business ship waste to 3rd world areas w/ low costs & safety standards

> Dumping isn’t even illegal, 3rd world areas lack laws outlawing it, so poor & EM + likely to be V’s

35
Q

Wolf (3 Perpetrators of Green Crime)

A

> Individuals
Businesses
Military

36
Q

Individuals - Perpetrators of Green Crime

A

> Cumulative effect on environment, acts don’t have immediate impact

> But add up to large impacts e.g. littering

37
Q

Businesses - Perpetrators of Green Crime

A

> Form of CC, big companies responsible for most of water, air & land pollution

> Due to waste dumping & health & safety breaches.

38
Q

Military - Perpetrators of Green Crime

A

Biggest institutional polluter w/ unexploded bombs & long-lasting effects of toxic chemicals.

39
Q

General Criticisms of Green Crime

A

> Makes subjective VJ on which acts ought to be seen as wrong

> Extends scope criminology so it’s almost meaningless, drifts into environmental > crime harm

> Difficult to establish what’s harm, more politcal or moral issue > criminological 1

40
Q

Define State Crime

A

> ‘Illegal/deviant acts perpetrated by, or w/ involvement of state agencies.

> Committed by state & gov to further their polices, doesn’t incl. acts benefiting individuals

41
Q

Scale of State Crime

A

> State power easily allows for large scales crime, through concealing & evading punishment

> As they define criminality & manage CJS

> National sovereignty so hard for UN to apply international conventions v genocide etc.

42
Q

Types of State Crime

A

> Corruption
Genocide
State CC
War Crimes

43
Q

Corruption

A

> According to Corruption Index by Transparency International correlation vs corruption, war & poverty

> e.g. Somalia, Afghanistan Iraq were most corrupt

> But Scandinavian countries + Canada were least corrupt

44
Q

Genocide

A

> Deliberate, systematic use of violence vs national, ethnic, or reg group

> e.g. Killing of Jews during WW2 by Nazi’s in concentration camps

45
Q

Genocide - Rwanda

A

> Under Belgians, minority Tutsi ruled over Huto majority

> But after independence, elections brought Hutu to power

> By 1990’s eco/political crisis led to civil war, but 800K Tutsi were killed by state-backed, Hutu militia.

46
Q

2 Types of State CC

A

> Initiated

> Facilitated

47
Q

State Initiated CC

A

> Where state initiate/approve CC e.g. Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster

> Negligent, cost-cutting decision by NASA led to explosion killing astronauts after blast off

48
Q

State-Facilitated CC

A

> When states fail to regulate & control corporate behaviour, making crime easier e.g. Deepwater Horizon Disaster

> Rig leased by BP exploded & sank killing 11 workers causing largest oil spill in history]

> Gov failed to oversee industry adequately or notice their cost-cutting decisions.

49
Q

Types of War Crime

A

> Illegal Wars

> Done during war or aftermath

50
Q

State Crime (KS)

A

> Kramer & Michalowski (Illegal Wars & Done during war or aftermath)

> Chambliss (Domestic Law)
> Michalowski (Zemiology)
> Hillyard (Zemiology)
> Mullins (International Law)
> Schwendinger (HR & State Crime)
> Adorno (Authoritarian Personality)
> Baumann (Modernity)
> Green & Ward (COO)
> Hamilton (3 Features Producing COO)
> Cohen (Cultural of Denial, TON & HR Violations)
51
Q

Kramer & Michalowski (Illegal Wars)

A

> e.g. falsely claiming war is SD e.g. US & UK knowingly made false claim

> Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction to justify invasion as SD.

52
Q

Kramer & Michalowski (Done during war or aftermath)

A

> Torture of prisoners e.g. military inquiry into a prison found multiple cases of abuses of prisoners

> 9 were convicted, but no commanding officers or ppl from priv companies were prosecuted

53
Q

Definitions of State Crime

A 
> Domestic Law
> Zemiology
> Labelling
> International Law
> Human Rights
54
Q

Chambliss (Domestic Law) - Definitions of State Crime

A

Acts defined as criminal done by state officials in pursuit of jobs as reps of state

55
Q

Criticisms of Chambliss & Domestic Law

A

> Using state’s own domestic law to define state crimes inadequate

> As they make laws, so avoid criminalising own acts

> e.g. Nazi Germany passed laws allowing it to sterilise disabled

56
Q

Michalowski (Zemiology) - Definitions of State Crime

A

SC incl. illegal acts & legal acts w/ consequences = to illegal acts in harm caused

57
Q

Hillyard (Zemiology) - Definitions of State Crime

A

> Replace study of crime w/ Zemiology e.g. study of harms regardless to if it breaks law

> Harms incl e.g. state facilitated poverty, stops state ruling themselves out of court

> By making laws allowing misbehaviour

58
Q

Criticisms of Zemiology

A

> Harm def is vague, what level of harm constitutes a crime?

> Who decides what’s harm, replaces state arbitrary def w/ sociologist arbitrary def

59
Q

Mullins (International Law) (IL) - Definitions of State Crime

A

> Act by state or on states behalf violating IL or states own law

> Uses global agreed def & IL is intentionally designed to deal w/ state crime

60
Q

Strand & Truman - Criticisms of International Law

A

Japan sought to overturn international ban on whaling, bribing 6 Caribbean Islands to vote vs ban

61
Q

Criticisms of International Law

A

IL mainly focused on war crimes > crimes e.g. deception

62
Q

Labelling - Definitions of State Crime

A

> If act is crime depends if social audience for crime, sees it as so

> State crimes are socially constructed, stops sociologists imposing own def of state crime

63
Q

Criticisms of Labelling

A

> No clarity on who relevant audience deciding if SC has been done is diff audiences may reach diff verdicts

> Audiences’ defs are manipulated by ruling-class ideology, so see war as legit

> e.g. Murdoch twisting his news outlets to favour Iraq War.

64
Q

2 Elements to HR

A

> Natural Rights: e.g. rights to life, liberty & free speech

> Civil Rights: e.g. right to vote fair trial & education

65
Q

Schwendinger - HR & State Crime

A

> Violation of ppl’s basic HR by state & it’s agents, states practising racism, sexism deny ppl basic rights so commit crime.

> Sees state def of crime as inveitably political, if sociologist accept idea crimes are what states feels

> They risk becoming subservient to state interests

66
Q

Cohen - Criticisms of Schwendinger

A

> Gross violations of HR e.g. torture are clear crimes but acts

> e.g. eco exploitation are not definitively criminal, even if morally unacceptable.

67
Q

Adorno (Authoritarian Personality)

A

> Willingness to obey orders of superiors w/out Q during WW2

> Many germans had authoritarian personalities due to common disciplinarian socialisation @ time

> Thought ppl doing torture/genocide are psychopaths, but little psychological diff v them & neurotypical ppl

68
Q

Crimes of Obedience (COO)

A

> SC crimes of conformity, due to obedience to higher authority e.g. state

> Many obey authority even if it harms others, due to role we’re socialised into

69
Q

Green & Ward - COO

A

> For torturers to overcome norms vs cruelty - socialised & exposed to propaganda about the enemy

> States uses ‘enclaves of barbarism’ where tortures practised e.g. military bases, segregated from society

> Allows torturers to see it as a ‘9 to 5’ job

70
Q

Hamilton - 3 Features Producing COO (Similar to TON)

A

> Authorisation
Routinisation
De-Humanisation

71
Q

Authorisation

A

> Acts ordered by someone in charge e.g. Milgram Experiment

> Normal moral principles overruled by need to obey authority

72
Q

Routinisation

A

> Pressure from hierarchy/gov turn acts into routine, so it can be repeated in detached manner

> e.g. Waterboarding in Guantanamo Bay, torture by stimulating feel of drowning

> Repeatedly done by = soldiers, so become desensitised

73
Q

Dehumanisation

A

> Enemy made to look as non-human asp e.g. refused clothing, shaven head, ID no

> Takes away all human elements, so easier torture/murder them

74
Q

Baumann - 4 Features of Modern Society making SC possible

A

> DOL
Bureaucratisation
Instrumental Rationality
Sci & Tech

75
Q

DOL

A

Ppl only do 1 task so noone feels fully responsible for atrocity

76
Q

Bureaucratisation

A

Normalisation of act by making it repetitive & routine.

77
Q

Instrumental Rationality

A

Rational & efficient methods to achieve goal regardless of goal itself.

78
Q

Sci & Tech - Holocaust Example

A

> e.g. railways transporting V’s to death camps & industrially produced gas to kill them

79
Q

Impact of 4 Features of Modernity

A

Helps create conditions, where acts become + common & acceptable

80
Q

General Criticisms of Baumann & DOL

A

> Genocides don’t all have organised DOL, to allow ppl to be distanced from killing

> e.g. Rwandan genocide done directly by large marauding groups.

81
Q

General Criticisms of Baumann & Ideological Factors (IF)

A

> Ignores importance of IF e.g. Nazi ideology stressed single German racial identity excluded EM’s

> e.g. Jews & gypsies seen as sub-human.

> So racist ideology gave motivation to do it, leading to willing participants

82
Q

Cohen - Cultural of Denial

A
  1. ‘’It didn’t happen’’ e.g. state claims there was no massacre, but media shows it did e.g. photos
  2. If it did happen it was something else e.g. SD, not murder
  3. Even if it’s what you say it is it’s justified e.g. fight war on terror
83
Q

Cohen - TON & HR Violations

A
  1. Denial of V e.g. they’re terrorists so deserved it
  2. Denial of Injury e.g. we’re real V not them e.g. SD
  3. Denial of Responsibility e.g. following orders
  4. Condemning the condemners e.g. they’re picking on us, victimising us
  5. Appealing to higher loyalty eg. there’s bigger cause & sacrifices are inevitable e.g. protecting reg
84
Q

Implications of Cohen TON

A

> TON don’t deny event, but impose diff view of event, from what appears to be case

> e.g. US publicly justified interrogation process incl. water-boarding

> Claiming their only caused stress w/out serious damage, a TON normalising torture

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