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microbiology > exam four (human microbiome) > Flashcards

exam four (human microbiome) Flashcards

1
Q

how many more microbial cells are there than human cells

A

10x

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2
Q

total microorganisms colonizing our bodies; vital for our health

A

microbiome

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3
Q

what are the GI microbiota

A

bacteroidetes, firmicutes, and proteobacteria

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4
Q

each person has a ____ community of GI microbiota

A

unique (no one has the same microbiome)

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5
Q

the Gi micrbiota trains the _____ system

A

immune (turns it on or off of pathogens or good microbes)

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6
Q

the ____ is the set of microbes in an individual

A

enterotype

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7
Q

in the stomach ___ ____ colonize 50% of world population

A

helicobacter pylori

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8
Q

the pH of mucus layer at wall

A

6-7

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9
Q

_____ ____ causes ulcers in the stomach; untreated they cause inflammation (which can cause cancer)

A

helicobacter pylori

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10
Q

two bacteria in small intestine

A

enterococci and lactobacilli

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11
Q

the pH and O2 in the small intestine gets _____ as it moves down

A

lower

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12
Q

in the large intestine most bacterias are

A

anaerobes (facultative anaerobe: E. coli)

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13
Q

in the large intestine what archaea can live there

A

methanogens

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14
Q

in the large intestine what yeast can live there

A

candida

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15
Q

the ____ ____ axis is the association between NT and microbes; the brain and the GI tract

A

gut-brain

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16
Q

____ is an enzyme in your mouth that breaks down petidoglycan

A

lysozome

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17
Q

the ____ microbiota is the most variable in nutrients and pH

A

oral

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18
Q

there are around ____ species present in biofilms on teeth and gums

A

750

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19
Q

___ ____ is a firmicute that can degrade tooth surface

A

strep. mutans

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20
Q

highly colonized area thta contains staph. aureus (in the nose) and streptococci (gram - cocci)

A

upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

area that is not highly colonized; when it is infected it causes reduced airflow

A

lower respiratory tract

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22
Q

in the lower respiratory tract has a ____ ____ that traps microbes and moves them out

A

mucocilliary escalator

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23
Q

the ____ urinary tract is usually sterile (flow of urine and immune cells make this possible)

A

upper

24
Q

the ____ urinary tract is colonized (gram -) women are more likely to get UTI (4cm urethra)

A

distal

24
Q

lactobacillus acidophilus is in the female genital tract to (lots of microorganisms)

A

keep pH low (around 5)

24
Q

____ microbiota of men is less understood (circumcision makes a difference)

A

penis

25
Q

the skin microbiota is influenced by many variables

A

sweat, weather, health, age , pets, personal hygiene

26
Q

sweat has ___ ____ which limit the growth of their own target type of microbe

A

antimicrobial peptides

27
Q

four main bacteria of the skin microbiota; which makes up half

A

actinobacteria, proteobacteria, firmicutes, bacteroidetes; actinobacteria

28
Q

the microbes that are attached to our skin provide barrier to infections, how?

A

by blocking pathogens through competitive exclusion

29
Q

everything (tissues) deep to the skin/ epidermis should be

A

sterile

30
Q

a vaginal birth has ___ % species same as mother vs. ___ in C-section

A

72; 42

31
Q

breast milk has what bacteria

A

lactobacillus and bifidobacterium

32
Q

the bifidobacterium longum helps the baby

A

digest complex breast milk polysacc. (mutualism)

33
Q

by __ years old toddlers have adult-like microbiome

A

3

34
Q

microbiomes are stable; ____ species retention year-to-year

A

70%

35
Q

there are more ___ and less ____ as we get old

A

bacteroidetes and firmicutes

36
Q

disruption of the homeostasis between microbiota and host

A

dysbiosis

37
Q

there is a correlation between age and _____ loss in microbiome

A

diversity

38
Q

chronic gut inflammation causes altered gut microbiota

A

IBD

39
Q

colonic microbiota die with

A

antimicrobial treatment

40
Q

when colonic microbiota die then _____ can overgrow and it produces a ____

A

C. difficle; toxin

41
Q

the psuedomembranous colitis that is overgrown causes

A

inflammatory lesions
perforation
shock
death

42
Q

C. diff is a ____ pathogen

A

oppurtunistic

43
Q

the microbiota in the ____ mouse cannot stop fermentation and creates volatile fatty acids

A

obese

44
Q

The microbiota having regulation in gut for fermentation can be cause of

A

obese vs. lean

45
Q

what bacteria lead to dental caries through fermentation of acidic producst

A

strep. mutans

46
Q

chronic inflammation, destruction of gums; decrease in diversity

A

periodontis

47
Q

proprionibacterium acnes causes

A

acne

48
Q

vaginal dysbiosis: causes odor, discharge

A

vaginosis

49
Q

vaginal dysbiosis: inflammatory infection; decrease in lactobacilli

A

vaginitis

50
Q

a growth of candida in vagina is due to

A

trichomonas vaginalis

51
Q

changes that require return to homeostasis in microbiome

A

perturbations

52
Q

plant nutrients we cannot digest but fermentative gut microbes can (feed the good microbes)

A

prebiotics

53
Q

prebiotics and probiotics together are

A

symbiotics

microbiology (17 decks)

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