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Animal disease > GI disease > Flashcards

GI disease Flashcards

1
Q

Classifications of GI disease

A

By anatomical location
Functional vs mechanical
Increased motility, decreased motility, altered digestion, altered absorption
Intestinal accidents, obstructions, chock and fistulas ……
Congenital vs acquired
Inflammatory vs Non-inflammatory
Infectious vs noninfectious

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2
Q

Halitosis

A

Bad breath

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3
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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4
Q

Oral masses

A

Relatively common in dogs and cats
May or may not be malignant
Common masses are
Epulis
Squamous cell carcinoma
Oral melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
Oral papilloma

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5
Q

Stomatitis is and causes

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity
Causes
Trauma uremia
Periodontal disease
Autoimmune disease
Infection

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6
Q

Oronasal fistulas etiology

A

Congenital: cleft palate
Acquired: trauma, base narrow lower canine teeth, periodontal disease or iatrogenic

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7
Q

Clinical signs of oronasal fistulas

A

Clinical signs/complications depend on the cause of the fistulas
Asymptomatic
Tooth root abscess → may extend into nasal cavity and cause rhinitis and nasal d/c
Pain
Aspiration pneumonia

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8
Q

Congenital cleft palate causes, c/s and treatment

A

May include the lip, hard and soft palate
Occurs in all veterinary species
Several causes
Brachycephalic breeds, folate deficiency, teratogens
Clinical signs?
Trouble nursing
Milk coming out of nose
Treatment
Stomach tube neonates to prevent aspiration pneumonia and ensure caloric requirements are met
Surgical repair
THESE ANIMALS SHOULD NOR BE BRED!!!!!

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9
Q

Regurgitation is

A

a passive process. The food has not reached the stomach. Bile is never present, there are no pro-dromal signs. The glottis does not automatically close
This can cause aspiration pneumonia and choking

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10
Q

Vomiting def

A

an active process. There are abdominal contractions prior to and during vomiting. Bile may be present in the vomitus. Glostic closes

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11
Q

Regurgitation can be caused by

A

Esophageal motility problem
Megaesophagus
Congenital vs acquired
Diaphragmatic herniation of the stomach
Esophageal obstruction
Esophageal foreign body/ “Choke” in horses
GDV (gastric dilatation and volvulus)
Esophageal strictures

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12
Q

Vomiting can be caused by

A

Dogs, cats and pigs
Several underlying causes- may be a primary GI problem or secondary to an issue somewhere else in the body
Some animals are more prone to vomiting while other have “gut of steel”
Cats will vomit if you look at them funny, or are upset with you, or you didn’t get them the “good” treats
Horses, ruminants and some exotic pets can not vomit

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13
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting up blood

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14
Q

Common causes of vomiting

A

Dietary indiscretion
Gastroenteritis
Infections
Parasites
Pancreatic disease
GI foreign body
Dietary intolerance
Renal disease
Liver disease
Side effect of many medications
Toxicities
Neoplasia

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15
Q

Diagnostics to determine what is wrong when vomit/regurg

A

Dependent on signalment, history, clinical signs and physical exam findings
May include
Labwork
Imaging
+/- contrast studies
Diet trials
Exploratory laparotomy
Biopsies

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16
Q

Treating vomit

A

Depends on underlying causes
Address the primary problem
Anti-emetics
Fluid support if indicated
Bland diets
Surgery if indicated
Specific medications

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17
Q

Treatment for regurg

A

Feeding in an upright position
Feeding “meatballs”
Surgery
Medications

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18
Q

Acute abdomen is

A

Severe abdominal pain
Fast onset
The more severe the pain the worse the prognosis, and the higher the likelihood that surgery will be indicated
May be accompanied by vomiting in small animal species

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19
Q

Perception of pain in the abdomen

A

Pain perception in the abdomen is very different than on the surface of the body
Pain is perceived with:
Distension or spasm of the GI tract- very intense pain
Traction
Torsion
Inflammation of the GI tract or peritoneum (peritonitis)
Vascular compromise

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20
Q

Causes of acute abdomen

A

Severe enteritis
GI foreign body/Impaction
GI torsion or entrapment
Performing GI ulcers
Pancreatitis
Peritonitis
Urolithiasis
Liver disease
Pyometra

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21
Q

Treatment for acute abdomen

A

Medical vs surgical management
Pain control
Circulatory support - IVF
Other medications
Dietary management
Stool softening agents
Magnesium sulfate orally
Mineral oil orally
Oral or IV fluids

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22
Q

Primary causes of peritonitis

A

Virus or bacteria gains entry through the gut or respiratory tract
It travels through the blood and localizes the peritoneum
Other membranes (pericardium, pleura and joints) may also be affected

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23
Q

Secondary causes of peritonitis

A

Perforating ulcer
Devitalized gut
Organ rupture
Egg yolk peritonitis in birds
Pancreatitis

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24
Q

Clinical signs of peritonitis

A

Abdominal pain
Reluctance to move
Abdominal distension
Fever
Anorexia
Depression
Increased HR
May be difficult to differentiate from back pain

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25
Q

Paralytic Ileus is caused by

A

Temporary cessation of peristalsis
Caused by:
Handling of the GIT
Peritonitis
Electrolyte imbalances (low K or Ca)

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26
Q

Paralytic Ileus c/s

A

Post operative patient- most common signalment observed by RVTs
Signs
No intestinal sounds on auscultation
Nausea, anorexia, vomiting
Mild abdominal discomfort
Minimal to no feces produced
Incision site may be swollen or draining

27
Q

What to do if you notice paralytic Ileus

A

Alert DVM!
IV fluids, K+ supplementation
Nasogastric tube +/- suction to relieve fluid build up
Adequate pain control

28
Q

Intestinal stasis in rabbits is caused by

A

Monogastric, hindgut fermenters - what other domestic species does this describe?
Fibrous diet is required to promote gut motility
Obstruction can occur if gut motility is disrupted
Inappropriate diet (high carbohydrate, low fiber)
Dehydration
Stress
Pain

29
Q

Acute gastritis and gastroenteritis is caused by

A

Inflammation of the stomach
SI also often involved
Several underlying causes
Dietary indiscretion
Sudden diet changes
Infections - bacteria, viruses, parasitic
Toxins
Ingestion of foreign materia

30
Q

Acute gastritis and gastroenteritis clinical signs

A

Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
+/-
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Dehydration

31
Q

Acute gastritis and gastroenteritis treatment

A

Bland diet
Small frequent meals
Anti-emetics
Other…

32
Q

Gastric ulcers are and risk factors

A

Superficial to deep
The submucosa is exposed to stomach acids
Risk factors
Treatment with NSAIDs
Finely ground feed - Pigs
Stress
Exercise

33
Q

Gastric ulcers c/s

A

Subclinical → death
Bruxism
Ptyalism
Decreased appetite
Melena
Hematemesis
Abdominal discomfort
Septicemia

34
Q

Treatment of gastric ulcers

A

Antacids
Gastroprotectants
Discontinue medications contributing to ulcer formation
NSAIDs, steroids
Aggressive surgical therapy required with ulcer perforation - prognosis guarded

35
Q

Intestinal obstructions can be caused by

A

Foreign material
Mass
Neoplasia, abscess, granuloma
Gastrointestinal accidents - a sudden change in structure of the intestine
Intussusception
Mesenteric torsion
Incarcerations
Gastric Dilation of Volvulus (GDV)

36
Q

c/s of intestinal accidents and treatments

A

Clinical signs
Peracute - acute and very painful
Vascular compromise causes damage to gut wall
Shock
Death
Treatment
Surgery or euthanasia
Treatment for foreign bodies
Medical management or surgery

37
Q

Diarrhea is

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the small intestine
Bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the gut lumen at the proximal duodenum
The mucosa of the small intestine is lined with microscopic villi that increase the surface area of the gut to aid in absorption of nutrients
Absorption of fluids occurs in the large intestine and to a lesser extent the small intestine
All species are affected
Diarrhea is a clinical sign, not a diagnosis
Several underlying etiologies
Needs to be addressed quickly in neonates
Peracute to chronic

38
Q

Etiology of diarrhea

A

Infectious
Bacterial, viral, protozoal, parasitic
Dietary indiscretion
Immune mediated
Inflammatory
Neoplasia
Toxin/Irritant
Side effect of many medications
Secondary to a medical condition occurring somewhere else in the body
Addison’s disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease, heart failure…..

39
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

Abnormal amounts of fluid are secreted into the gut
Some bacteria (E.coli) and viruses will produce toxins that cause the cells of the gut to secrete water and electrolytes into the lumen

40
Q

Malabsorrptive diarrhea

A

The ability of the gut to digest ingesta is impaired
Absorption of fluids and nutrients is reduced
May cause osmotic diarrhea
This may be due to villous atrophy, damage to the cells of the villi and villous fusion

41
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea

A

Vascular and lymphatic drainage into the lumen
Damage to the villi and crypts
Loss of water, electrolytes and bicarbonate
There may be more than one process going on

42
Q

Small bowel diarrhea

A

Large volume
Infrequent
Weight loss
Melena

43
Q

Large bowel diarrhea

A

Small volume
High frequency
Frank blood (hematochezia) or mucous
Urgency
Straining

44
Q

Treatment of diarrhea

A

Treat dehydration and ongoing losses
Electrolyte replacement
Correct acid base disorders
Antibiotics, parasiticides
Anti-inflammatories
Bland diet
Probiotics
Toxin absorbers
Environmental management
Identify and correct the underlying cause
Prevention

45
Q

Constipation

A

when an animal is having difficulty having a bowel movement

46
Q

Obstipation

A

when an animal is not able to pass feces

47
Q

Causes of constipation

A

Dehydration- often secondary to chronic renal failure in cats
Due to reduced peristalsis
Decreased feed intake
Electrolyte imbalances
Drugs: opioids
Foreign material
Lack of fiber in diet- bulks up feces which stimulates motility
Pelvic abnormalities- may be due to previous trauma
Neoplasia
Megacolon in cats

48
Q

Treatment of constipation

A

Rehydration
Laxatives
Warm water, sodium triphosphate (fleet) enemas
Dietary management
Also increase water intake
Prokinetic agents
Surgical management

49
Q

Hepatic physiology

A

The liver performs several important functions
Production of proteins
Coagulation
Digestion
Metabolism and storage of nutrients
Metabolism of drugs and toxins
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Metabolism of hemoglobin

50
Q

Properties of the liver

A

Has the ability to regenerate
Large reserve capacity
At least 60-80% must be non-functional before clinical signs are evident
Once clinical signs are present, underlying cause needs to be identified and dealt with quickly
It is susceptible to injury

51
Q

Classification of liver path

A

Underlying etiology
Severity
Time frame
Type of pathology present

52
Q

What can cause liver disease

A

Infectious
Bacteria, fungus, viruses, parasites
Toxins
Drug induced
Phenobarbital, steroids, oral diazepam in cats
Nutritional deficiencies
Neoplasia
Ischemia
Genetic
Copper storage disease
Inflammatory
Idiopathic
Secondary to other conditions
Biliary obstruction, fatty liver syndrome, Cushing’s disease
Others

53
Q

Severity of LD

A

Subclinical
Minor damages can occur due to many causes. The animal does not show clinical signs but there may be elevations of liver enzymes on blood work
Mild clinical → fatal disease

54
Q

Hepatitis pathology

A

Inflammation secondary to infectious (often viral)

55
Q

Hepatic lipidosis pathology

A

Anorexic cats and pregnant to lactating animals

56
Q

Hepatic necrosis pathology

A

Secondary to toxins or infection (ex.viruses)

57
Q

Neoplasia

A

Common site for metastasis

58
Q

Clinical signs for hepatic disease

A

Many are non-specific
Anorexia
Lethargy
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Fever
Decreased production
Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Hepatic encephalopathy
Photosensitization
Petechia or abnormal clotting
Ascites

59
Q

Diagnostics for hepatic disease

A

Blood work
Liver enzymes, bile acids, compounds produce by the liver
Ultrasound examination
FNA
Biopsy
Ultrasound guided or surgical

60
Q

Treatment for hepatic disease

A

The goal is to minimize fibrosis and to maximize regeneration
Based in underlying cause
Antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, removal of toxin, discontinue medications
Hepatic encephalopathy- mineral oil, lactulose, neomycin/metronidazole

61
Q

Pancreatitis is

A

Inflammation of the pancreas due to early activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes in dogs
Infectious component more likely in cats
Acute and chronic forms
Acute flare ups can be quite severe
Most prevalent in obese animals
Middle aged to older animals
Breed predisposition- yorkie, min schnauzer
Dogs and cats are affected

62
Q

Pancreatitis causes

A

Dogs- often associated with high fat meal
Genetics- trypsinogen may be more prone to self activation
Direct trauma
Infection
Part of feline triaditis
Infectious component much more common due to GI translocation

63
Q

Clinical signs of pancreatitis and treatment

A

Clinical signs
Lethargy
Cranial abdominal pain
Play/Pray stance
Anorexia
Vomiting +/- diarrhea
Treatment
IV fluids
Antiemetics
Diet change
Low fat diet- dogs
Hypoallergenic diet- cats
Pain control

64
Q
A

Animal disease (14 decks)

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