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fracture repair 1 > Introduction to Fracture Repair > Flashcards

Introduction to Fracture Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What signalment should be analysed which can influence the fracture type? (5)

A

Age
Sex
Breed
Size
Occpation

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2
Q

What are young animals prone to in terms of #?

A

Physeal #

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3
Q

Why are luxations rare in immature animals?

A

Physis is weaker than bone ligament attached

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4
Q

What should be suspected in older animals where a # has occured after minimal trauma?

A

Pathological #

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5
Q

What sex are more prone to # and why?

A

Male animals are more prone to traumatic fractures (e.g., road traffic accidents) than females due to their increased tendency to stray.

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6
Q

What # are springer spaniels prone to?

A

Humeral condylar #

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7
Q

What # are bull terriers prone to?

A

Avulsion of tibial tuberosity

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8
Q

What # are toy breeds prone to? (2)

A

distal, radial and ulna fractures after minimal trauma.

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9
Q

What # are greyhounds and lurchers prone to due to athletics? (3)

A
  • Accessory carpal
  • Radial carpal
  • Central tarsal
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10
Q

What 4 questions need answering in consult when # suspected?

A

Has there been a major or minor trauma?

Was there any prior history of lameness?

Has the animal any concurrent disease?

Do they take any medication?

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11
Q

When investigating a #, what 3 examinations need performing?

A

1 A full general clinical examination.

2 A full orthopaedic examination.

3 A basic neurological examination.

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12
Q

Is the following statement true or false: orthogonal views of the affected bone(s) are required.

A

True

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13
Q

True or false
Orthogonal views of the other bone(s) for comparison are not required.

A

False

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14
Q

What considerations are correct concerning diagnostic imaging in dogs and cats with a fracture?

A) CT provides more detailed information compared to radiography and decision making will therefore be improved in all cases.

B) Decision making in long bone fractures will likely profit from taking a CT rather than radiographs.

C) Typical fractures recommended to consider CT over radiographs are vertebral fractures, sacral fractures and articular fractures.

A

C) Typical fractures recommended to consider CT over radiographs are vertebral fractures, sacral fractures and articular fractures.

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15
Q

Why do we classify fractures?

A

= part of the management process
Consideration of all factors influencing the fracture
Necessary to design an appropriate fracture plan

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16
Q

What are the 10 points of # classifcation?

A

1 Cause of fracture

2 Communication with external environment

3 Extent of bony damage

4 Number and position of fragments

5 Direction of fracture lines

6 Location of fracture

7 Displacement

8 Stability

9 Degree of complexity and involvement of other tissues

10 Age of fracture.

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17
Q

What are the 2 causes of # during # classification?

A

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic

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18
Q

What are the 2 Extrinsic causes of #?

A

Direct trauma
Indirect trauma

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19
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic causes of #?

A

Muscular

Pathological

Stress.

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20
Q

Is a gunshot wound open or closed #?

A

A gunshot injury is per definition always an open fracture (there is communication with the environment along the path of the shot/bullet).

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21
Q

How can open # be identified on radiographs? (2)

A

Visible air bubbles
Defects of soft tissue

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22
Q

What are the 2 sub categories o f “extend of bony damage”

A

Complete
Incomplete

23
Q

What are the 3 types of incomplete fractures?

A

Fissure
Greenstick
Depressed.

24
Q

What is the correct term for 1 #?

A

Simple

25
Q

What is the correct term for 2 #s?

A

Segmental

26
Q

What is the correct term for 3 #s?

A

Comminuted

27
Q

What are the 3 subcategories for the “direction of #”?

A
  • Transverse
  • Oblique
  • Spiral
28
Q

Which # is from a compressive force

A

Oblique #

29
Q

Which # is from a tension/avulsion force

A

Transverse force

30
Q

Which # is from a torque force

A

Spiral #

31
Q

Which # is from a bending (tension + compression force)

A

Butterfly

32
Q

How do forces effect decision making in # repair?

A

When considering how to repair a fracture you must consider the requirement to overcome forces acting on the fractur

33
Q

What are the 5 subcategories of # location?

A

Diaphyseal (Proximal, Midshaft, Distal)

Metaphyseal

Epiphyseal

Condylar

Articular.

34
Q

What are the 4 types of #/displacement?

A

Medial - Lateral
Cranial - Caudal
Overriding
Impacted-distracted.

35
Q

Which fragment is described when with displacement?

A

Distal

36
Q

What is #stability describing?

A

When subject to weight bearing force

37
Q

When classifying a # what does the “degree of complexity” relate to?

A

Tissue involvement:

Muscle damage
Nerve damage
Blood vessel damage.

38
Q

What are you looking for when ageing a #?

A

Recent - sharp lines and define
old - Callus

39
Q

What is the ultimate “aim” of # fixation?

A

The aim of fracture fixation is to create an optimal environment for fracture healing and return the patient to normal.

40
Q

After the patient has been thoroughly examined and any life-threatening problems corrected, the planning of the fracture treatment is performed.
What needs to be considered? (4)

A
  • assessing preoperative patient data such as age, weight, general health, activity level, presence of other orthopaedic pathology and/or neurologic pathology;
  • examination of diagnostic images of the fractured and corresponding contralateral intact bones, including the joints proximal and distal to the fracture;
  • considering all the mechanical and biological factors relevant to the fracture;
  • considering client information such as their expectations and ability to perform postoperative care.
41
Q

What are the 3 # assessment scores?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Biological
  • Clinical
42
Q

What does the mechanical fracture assessment score indicate?

A

How strong the implant must be

43
Q

What does the biological fracture assessment score?

A

The biological fracture assessment score indicates how long an implant must function.

44
Q

Do younger or older animal heal quicker?

A

Younger

45
Q

Do metaphyseal or diaphyseal # heal quicker?

A

Metaphyseal

46
Q

What is clinical # assessment?

A

The clinical score indicates the level of postoperative care the owners can provide.

47
Q

Active animals allowed excessive exercise must be treated with what implant?

A

Large and strong

48
Q

Implants subjected to slow healing conditions must be…?

A

larger, stronger and able to remain in position for extended periods to minimise chances for cyclic fatigue of the implant.

49
Q

Comminuted fractures are best treated with …

A

Implant. Comminuted fractures are best treated with biological techniques of major segment alignment and bridging osteosynthesis.

50
Q

What FAS?:
Ideal – good healing expected, e.g. a reconstructable fracture and very attentive owners.

A

8-10

51
Q

What FAS
For example, a young dog with a severely comminuted fracture which is not reconstructable.

A

6-7

52
Q

What FAS
Usually indicates an animal with a reconstructable fracture but unfavourable biology.

A

4-5

53
Q

What FAS
Expect slow healing with inattentive owners. Use strong fixation and biological support.

A

1-3

fracture repair 1 (10 decks)

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