Traffic congestion + Development + Nigeria

Question 1

How are Freiburg reducing traffic congestion

Answer 1

ITS
400km of cycle paths
Low tram fares
Free tickets with any sporting/entertainment ticket

Question 2

How are Singapore reducing traffic congestion

Answer 2

Restricted entry to the city centre during rush hour

High petrol prices

As a result there are 25% fewer accidents in the city centre

Question 3

How are Beijing reducing traffic congestion

Answer 3

Cars are banned from the city 1 day a week

Pollution and congestion tax introduced

As a result there has been a 20% drop in car use

Question 4

What is development

Answer 4

Positive that makes things better

Question 5

Measures of development

Answer 5

GNI
Birth rate (per thousand)
Death rate (per thousand)
Infant mortality rate (die before 1)
People per doctor
Access to safe water
Life expectancy
HDI - life expectancy, education and GNI

Question 6

Stages of the DTM

Answer 6

1 - birth rate is high and death rate is high but they are fluctuating

2 - birth rate is high and steady and death rate is rapidly falling

3 - birth rate is falling and death rate is falling slowly

4 + 5 - most developed. birth rates are low and death rate is low. actually in stage 5 the population is slowly falling as birth rates are so low

Question 7

Physical factors affecting how developed a country is

Answer 7

Climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials (exports really)
Lots of natural disasters

Question 8

Economic factors affecting development

Answer 8

Poor trade links
Lots of debt
Economy based on primary products - e.g in 2018 the cost of cocoa dropped below the cost of production and farmers had to rely on government subsidies

Question 9

Historical causes of uneven development

Answer 9

Colonisation
Conflict

Question 10

Consequences of uneven development

Answer 10

Inequality in wealth
Health
International migration - eg 130k people move from Mexico to the USA each year

Question 11

Strategies that can reduce the development gap

Answer 11

Investment (Foreign) - Vietnam recieved $182 billion to help improve industries such as motorbikes

Aid - UK gave South Sudan £180 million for water, healthcare and education
However can be wasted by corruption

Fair trade - In 2016 FT farmers in Malawi used some of their premium to build a new school and expand their hospital
However sometimes only a small proportion of the profit reaches the farmers

Intermediate technology - Solar power lightbulbs are being used in Nepal instead of dangerous kerosene ones to allow people to work after dark

Microfinance loans -Grameen bank in Bangladesh microfinance is being used to allow women to buy their own mobile phones - allowing them to set up their own businesses

Industrial development

Debt relief - In 2005 Zambia has $4 billion of debt cancelled which allowed them to start a free healthcare scheme the next year

Question 12

What was Jamaica like before tourism

Answer 12

Once gaining independence from Britain, agricultural systems failed to run effectively and high unemployment and debts plagued the country

Question 13

Facts about tourism in Jamaica

Answer 13

In 2018, 30% of Jamaica’s economy was tourism

1 in 4 Jamaicans are employed in tourism

4.3 mil tourists visited Jamaica in 2017

Provides 200k jobs (directly and indirectly)

Question 14

Pros and cons of tourism in Jamaica

Answer 14

Pros:
Jobs
Global reputation improves
Some areas of wildlife are protected

Cons:
More construction means that more concrete (CO2)
Uneven development (North is richer)

Question 15

Why is Nigeria important internationally

Answer 15

21st largest economy in the world
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
Supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil

Question 16

Why is Nigeria important regionally

Answer 16

Largest population of any African country
Highest farm output in Africa
In 2014 it had Africa’s highest GDP

Question 17

Political context of Nigeria

Answer 17

Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government but before it was highly corrupt and instable

It became independent from UK in 1960

Question 18

Social context of Nigeria

Answer 18

A multi-ethnic and multi-faith country but this has been a source of conflict, including a civil war between 1967 and 1970

Recently economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south has created new tensions

Question 19

Cultural context of Nigeria

Answer 19

Nigerian music - e.g Dave (who does not make Nigerian music)

Nollywood - second largest film industry

Nigerian Eagles won AFCON 3 times

Question 20

What are Nigeria’s political links

Answer 20

OPEC - petroleum exporting countries - stabilise the price of oil

CEN-SAD - Sahel-Saharan states - trading group

African Union - economic planning and peacekeeping

UN - Peacekeeping

ECOWAS - Econ. commun. of West African states - trading group

Question 21

What are Nigeria’s main imports and exports

Answer 21

Imports:
Refined petroleum from the EU and USA
Cars from Brazil
Phones from China

Exports:
Crude oil
Natural gas
Rubber
Cocoa
Cotton

Question 22

What has happened to Nigeria’s oil exports

Answer 22

USA used to be the main customer however shale oil was discovered and now India is the main customer

Question 23

Pros and cons of TNCs in Nigeria

Answer 23

Pros:
Employment

Investment in local

Infrastructure and education
Export revenues

Cons:
Poor pay sometimes

Working conditions can be poor

Management jobs often go to foreign employees

Much of the profit goes abroad

Question 24

Shell in Nigeria
Pros and cons

Answer 24

Pros:
Major contributions in taxes

Direct contribution to employment (65 000 Nigerians)

91% of all Shell contracts have been placed with Nigerian companies

Cons:

Oil spills - such as the Bodo Oil spill have damaged the environment

Oil theft and sabotage cost the TNC and government billions of dollars a year

Question 25

Types of aid

Answer 25

Emergency aid - following a conflict or natural disaster

Developmental aid - long-term aid aimed at improving QoL

Question 26

How does aid benefit Nigeria

Answer 26

In 2014 the World Bank approved a US$500 million loan to fund development projects

Aid from USA helps to protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV

Question 27

Bodo oil spill

Answer 27

560 000 barrels of oil spilled onto land

Niger Delta

Destroying 1000ha of mangroves

£55 million compensation

Question 28

SEnP Factors for QoL in Nigeria

Answer 28

S - Militant group of Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians

En - Threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification and pollution

P - Need for a more stable government