cereals and rice

Question 1

what are cereals

Answer 1

Cereals are the grain or seeds of cultivated grasses; the main cereals are wheat, rice, oats, corn (maize), rye and barley.

Question 2

what are the stages of harvesting wheat

Answer 2

• growing ad harvesting
• primary processing: cleaning, milling
• secondary processing: mixing, slicing, proving and baking

Question 3

how many tonnes of wheat do uk growers produce per year?

Answer 3

14-15 million tonnes

Question 4

true or false?
Most wheat grown in the UK is winter wheat and is sown on two fifths of arable land.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

when does harvesting of wheat take place

Answer 5

between august and September

Question 6

how many layers does bran have and what are they?

Answer 6

four separate layers; the pericarp, testa, nucellar, aleurone cells

Question 7

talk about the composition of the flour - white flour

Answer 7

usually contains 75% of the grain and most of the bran and wheatgerm are removed

Question 8

talk about the composition of the flour - brown flour

Answer 8

usually contains about 85% of the original grain and some of the bran and wheatgerm are removed

Question 9

talk about the composition of the flour - wholemeal flour

Answer 9

made from the whole wheat grain

Question 10

talk about the composition of the flour - malted wheat grain flour

Answer 10

brown or wholemeal flour with malted grains added after milling

Question 11

talk about the composition of the flour - wheatgerm flour

Answer 11

white or brown flour with at least 10% made up of wheatgerm added during milling

Question 12

talk about the composition of the flour - strong flour

Answer 12

contains a higher gluten content to make a range of different breads, pizzas and crumpets

Question 13

talk about the composition of the flour - plain flour

Answer 13

contains a lower gluten content and used to make biscuits, pastry, sauces, pancakes, batters and Yorkshire puddings

Question 14

talk about the composition of the flour - self-raising flour

Answer 14

being over is added as part of the milling process and mainly used to make cakes and scones

Question 15

what other foods are there that flour can be made from

Answer 15

coconut, potato, peas, chickpeas

Question 16

true of false?
there is no legal reference saying that flour has to get fortified in the UK

Answer 16

false
it is a legal requirement to fortify flour in the UK

Question 17

what is flour fortified with

Answer 17

iron, thiamin and niacin

Question 18

talk about the component of bread - yeast

Answer 18

yeast is a microorganism and is a leavening ingredient added to dough to start fermentation and which makes bread rise

Question 19

talk about the component of bread - salt

Answer 19

helps the proving stage to tighten the gluten strands and adds taste

Question 20

talk about the component of bread - warm water

Answer 20

warm water is needed as if it is too cool, the yeast won’t multiply and if it is too hot (over 43 degrees celsius) the yeast will be killed

Question 21

what is rice?

Answer 21

a short living plant that requires a substantial amount of water when growing

Question 22

what happens when farming rice?

Answer 22

the fields are flooded and drained before the rice is harvested

Question 23

true or false?
there are more then 40,000 varieties of cultivated rice to exist

Answer 23

true

Question 24

what is long grain rice and can you give an example

Answer 24

all purpose and can be used as an accompaniment e.g. basmati

Question 25

what is medium grain rice and can you give an example

Answer 25

used in risottos and puddings as it is creamy when cooked e.g. arborio

Question 26

what is short grain rice and can you give an example

Answer 26

used to make sushi and puddings as it tends to be stickier when cooked e.g. bomba

Question 27

what is the process of malting

Answer 27

• steeping ~ typically takes 48 hours and the grain is covered in water 2 to 3 times. At the end of steeping, the grain will contain 45% moisture
• germination ~ over the next 4-5 days, the grain is encouraged to grow under controlled conditions
• kilning ~ uses kilns for warm air drying to stop the germination process and reduce the moisture content of the grain by 43%

Question 28

what is the process of milling? (5 stages)

Answer 28

• the harvested grain is delivered to the mill, where it is cleaned and conditioned
• the wheat is blended with other types of wheat to make different types of flour this is called gristing
• the grist is passed through a series of fluted break rolls, rotating at different speeds which is designed not to crush the wheat but shear it open to separate the inner parts to the outer parts
• the fragments are the separated by the sieves