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AP Psych > Unit 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Part 2 Flashcards

States of Consciousness

1
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

our biological clock

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3
Q

regular bodily rhythms (temperature

A

wakefulness) that occur on 24 hour cycle

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4
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, vivid dreams; also “paradoxical sleep” bc muscles are asleep, other systems still active: motor cortex active, brainstem blocks signals, body paralyzed, heartrate increase, irregular breathing, genital arousal

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5
Q

alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed

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6
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages besides REM

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7
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences like seeing something without external visual stimulus

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8
Q

hypnagogic sensations

A

bizarre experiences like jerking or feeling of falling or floating while transitioning to sleep

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9
Q

NREM-1

A

brain waves reveal moment of sleep, hallucinations, hypnogogic sensations

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10
Q

NREM-2

A

deeper relaxation, sleep spindles - rapid, rhythmic brain activity , total 50% sleep

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11
Q

NREM-3

A

deep sleep; large, slow delta waves; hard to awaken, decreases throughtout night

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12
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

pair of cell clusters in hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; light triggers signals to pineal gland to release melatonin inducing sleepiness

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13
Q

why do we sleep

A
  1. Protection: evolutionary saver to sleep at night
  2. Recuperation: restores immune system, brain tissue, rests neurons, removes toxic waste
  3. Memory: strengthens neural connections, consolidates memories, shifts memories from hippocampus to longterm memory storage
  4. Creativity: boosts thinking and problem-solving, dreams inspire
  5. Growth: growth hormone is released
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14
Q

sleep deprivation

A

increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) decreases letting (hunger suppressor), decreases metabolism, increases cortisol (stress hormone which stimulates fat production), enhances responses to food, decreases temptation resistance; lowered immune system -> infections

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15
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems falling or staying asleep -> chronic tiredness, reliance on sleep meds/alc means less REM

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16
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness (oft caused by strong emotion) ->risk falling asleep at dangerous time

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17
Q

sleep apnea

A

breathing stops repeatedly during sleep => fatigue, depression, obesity

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18
Q

sleepwalking/talking

A

normal waking activities while sleeping

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19
Q

night terrors

A

appearing scared, muttering, walking around => raises child’s heart & breathing rates

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20
Q

freuds wish fulfillment theory

A

dreams provide “psychic safety valve” to express otherwise unacceptable feelings

21
Q

manifest content is censored version of latent content

A

unconscious drives that shouldn’t be directly expressed

22
Q

information processing dream theory

A

dreams help sort out days events, consolidate memories => BUT we dream of not experienced events

23
Q

physiological function dream theory

A

regular brain stimulation from REM develops/maintains neural connections -> BUT we experience ~meaningful~ dreams

24
Q

activation-synthesis dream theory

A

REM triggers neural activity evoking random visuals which brain weaves into stories -> BUT ~our~ brains weaves the stories so it still tells us something about ourselves

25
Q

cognitive development dream theory

A

content reflects level of cognitive development; dreams simulate life (incl worst cases)

26
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substances that alters perceptions and moods

27
Q

substance abuse disorder

A

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

28
Q

tolerance

A

diminishing effect with regular use of the same dosage of drug

29
Q

withdrawal

A

discomfort and distress after discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

30
Q

depressants

A

drugs (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates) that REDUCE neural activity and slow bodily functions

31
Q

alcohol

A

[depressant] increases positive & negative tendencies; slows neural processing, sympathetic NS activity, judgement, reactions, speech; disrupts memory formation, kills nerve cells, longterm effect on cognition; reduces REM, less self-awareness

32
Q

barbiturates

A

depressant prescribed for sleep, anxiety; depress CNS activity reducing anxiety but also memory, judgement; lethal with alcohol

33
Q

opiates

A

depressant (heroin, morphine, etc); blissful pleasure replaces pain; anxiety, craving, tolerance, withdrawal, overdose; -> brain stops producing natural endorphins, painful withdrawal

34
Q

stimulants

A

drugs (caffeine, nictotine, cocaine, meth, ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

35
Q

nicotine

A

CNS releases flood of neurotransmitters; epinephrine & norepinephrine reduce appetite, boost alertness, mental efficiency; dopamine & opioids calm anxiety; correlates with depression, divorce, chronic illness

36
Q

cocaine

A

rush of euphoria; releases dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin; depletes brain of those neurotransmitters => crash; triggered aggression is heightened by coke

37
Q

methamphetamine

A

triggers release of dopamine; enhances energy, mood; 8hrs of euphoria

38
Q

ecstasy

A

(molly); synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; releases dopamine, serotonin (blocks reuptake); 3-4hrs high energy; emotional elation, connectedness

39
Q

hallucinogen

A

psychedelic drugs (LSD, Marijuana) that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; near death experiences, altered state of consciousness after brush with death similar to drug induced hallucinations

40
Q

LSD

A

(acid); visual cortex hyperactivity, connection to emotion centers; emotions of euphoria, detachment or panic; intense stream of colors and pictures

41
Q

Marijuana

A

amplified sensitivity to colors, tastes, sounds, smells; relaxes, disinhibits, possible euphoric high; impairs motor coordination, perceptual skills, reaction times; lingers for a week; regular users need less (opposite of tolerance), alleviates chronic pain, contributes to impairmed focus, memory, learning , acadmeic underachievement

42
Q

hypnosis

A

social interaction where hypnotist suggests to subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, behavior occurs; can relieve pain as it inhibits pain related brain activity

43
Q

Hypnosis as social phenomenon

A

attentional spotlight & interpretations influence perceptions, subjects trust hypnotist, allow guiding; hypnosis drops when motivation to be hypnotized ends

44
Q

hypnosis as divided consciousness

A

subjects fulfill behavior when believed to be unwitnessed, brain activity distinct during hypnosis, special dual processing state of dissociation allowing thoughts & behaviors to occur simultaneously; hypnosis doesnt block painful stimuli, but our attention to it does

45
Q

biological influences on hypnosis

A

distinct brain activity, unconscious information processing

46
Q

psychological influences on hypnosis

A

focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

47
Q

social cultural influences on hypnosis

A

presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context, role playing “good subject”,

48
Q

dissociation

A

split in consciousness

AP Psych (12 decks)

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