Evolution

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

a change in genotype frequencies in a population over time

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

the process by which a selective force causes some individuals in a population to survive and reproduce to a greater degree than others, which can lead to evolutionary change

Question 3

fitness

Answer 3

the level of ability to survive and reproduce

Question 4

adaption

Answer 4

any trait that makes the organism more likely to survive and repreoduce

Question 5

fecundity

Answer 5

reproductive success measured by counting the number of surviving offspring

Question 6

divergent evolution

Answer 6

when 2 or more species evolve from a common ancestor

Question 7

convergent evolution

Answer 7

similar conditions can cause the evolution of similar traits

Question 8

homologous structures

Answer 8

structures that have similar parts due to shared common ancestry, which may or may not have similar functions

Question 9

vestigial structures

Answer 9

structures that have no apparent function and are likely from an ancestor that did have a function for it

Question 10

microevolution

Answer 10

changes within a species

Question 11

biological species concept

Answer 11

group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

organisms that can breed and produce offspring

Question 12

morphological species concept

Answer 12

defines species by physical traits, doesn’t require mating

Question 13

ecological species concept

Answer 13

defines species by their role within the environment

Question 14

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 14

any group of organisms that have shared common ancestry, also uses physical traits

Question 15

allopatric speciation

Answer 15

when two species are physically separated

Question 16

sympatric speciation

Answer 16

When populations live in the same habitat but gene flow has been eliminated through reproductive isolation

Question 17

reproductive isolation

Answer 17

when a species is reproductively independent from other species; behavior, location, or reproductive barriers may cause this to happen

Question 18

prezygotic barrier

Answer 18

mechanism that occurs before zygote formation

Question 19

postzygotic barrier

Answer 19

mechanism that occurs after zygote formation

Question 20

reinforcement

Answer 20

when hybrids are less fit than parental species- maintain species

Question 21

fusion

Answer 21

when hybrids are more fit than parental species causing two species to fuse into one

Question 22

stability

Answer 22

when hybrids continue to be produced and are maintained

Question 23

hybrid zones

Answer 23

regions where two species have the opportunity to meet and produce offspring

Question 24

adaptive radiations

Answer 24

when one species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendant species

Question 25

equilibrium

Answer 25

no evolutionary forces acting on a population

Question 26

allele

Answer 26

gene variation that arises by mutation

Question 27

locus

Answer 27

fixed position on a chromosome where a gene is located

Question 28

population genetics

Answer 28

it investigates how genotype frequencies in an offspring generation are related to the genotype frequencies of the parents

Question 29

sexual selection

Answer 29

a form of natural selection, where the selective force is either a choice or competition in mates

Question 30

intrasexual selection

Answer 30

competition between members of the same sex

Question 31

intersexual selection

Answer 31

choice in one sex for mates of the opp sex

Question 32

mutation

Answer 32

variation in the sequence of the gene

Question 33

migration

Answer 33

gene flow, tends to homogenize populations, but asymmetry can occur

Question 34

genetic drift

Answer 34

the tendency for sampling error among genes in small populations

Question 35

stabilizing selection

Answer 35

centering pop around the mean

Question 36

directional selection

Answer 36

taking the population and centering it somewhere else, when individuals have higher fitness on the end of the curve than in the middle

Question 37

diversifying selection

Answer 37

selection that favors extreme over the average

Question 38

frequency-dependent selection

Answer 38

selection that favors phenotypes that are either common or rare

Question 39

types of genomic mutations

Answer 39

single base pair substitution (point mutation), frame shift, deletion, insertion

Question 40

example of frequency-dependent selection

Answer 40

host/parasite coevolution, predator/prey coevolution

Question 41

population

Answer 41

populations evolve multiple organisms of the same species