Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 3320 > Exam 4 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four body systems that carry out excretion?

A

Respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is waste?

A

Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal concentration of blood urea?

A

10-20mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is uremia?

A

Syndrome of diarrhea, stemming for the toxicity of nitrogenous waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the right kidney slightly lower?

A

Because of the large right lobe of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are both the kidneys?

A

Retripertoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is renal parenchyma?

A

Glandular tissue that forms urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

The cavity contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two zones of renal parenchyma?

A

Outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the afferent arterioles do?

A

Supply one nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drains the blood from the glomerulus?

A

The efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries do?

A

The branch off the efferent arterioles supplying the tissue near the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

1.2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the renal corpuscle do?

A

Filters the blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the renal tubule do?

A

Long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are in the renal corpuscles?

A

The glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

The side of the corpuscle where the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the efferent arterial leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

The opposite side of the corpuscle where the renal tubule begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

It is a duct leading away from the glomerular capsule and ending at the tip of the medullary pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

It arises from the glomerular capsule, deals with the majority of absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the nephron loop consist of?

A

The descending limb and ascending limp with thick and thin segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the thick segments of the nephron loop?

A

Initial part of the descending limb and most of the ascending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the thin segments of the nephron loop?

A

Lower part of descending limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the thick segment do?

A

It is engaged in the active transport of salts and have many mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the thin segment do?

A

The cells are very permeable to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

It begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the papillary duct?

A

Formed by merger of several collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the flow of fluid?

A

Starts at the glomerular capsule - PCT - Nephron loop - DCT - collecting duct - papillary duct - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

They are short nephron loops, around 85% of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Long nephron loops, around 15% of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is different with juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

The efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is different with cortical nephrons?

A

Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does sympathetic innervation do?

A

Reduces glomerular blood flow and rate of urine production, it is a response to falling blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the four stages that the kidneys convert blood plasma into urine?

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and water conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

The fluid in the capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is tubular fluid?

A

Fluid from the PCT through the DCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Urine?

A

fluid that enters the collection duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

A special case of capillary fluid exchange in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the three barriers through which fluid passes through the filtration membrane?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, basement membrane, and filtration slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is proteinuria?

A

Presence of protein in urine

41
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Presence of blood in the urine

42
Q

What do distance runner and swimmers experience temporary proteinuria or hematuria?

A

Prolonged exercise reducing profusion of kidney

43
Q

What causes proteinuria and hematuria?

A

Kidney infections and trauma because they can damage the filtration membrane

44
Q

What happens if your Glomerular filtration rate is too high?

A

Fluid flows through renal tubule too rapidly for them to reabsorb the usual amount of water and solutes, urine output rises, and can cause dehydration and electrolyte depletion

45
Q

What happens if your glomerular filtration rate is too low?

A

Water are reabsorbed and azotemia may occur

46
Q

How is GFR controlled?

A

Adjusting glomerular blood pressure

47
Q

What are the three homeostatic mechanism that control GFR?

A

Renal autoregulation, sympathetic control, and hormonal control

48
Q

What is renal autoregulation?

A

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external control

49
Q

What are the two types of renal autoregulation?

A

Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

50
Q

What is myogenic mechanism?

A

It is based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

51
Q

What does myogenic mechanism do when the arterial blood pressure increases?

A

The afferent arteriole is stretched so they constrict and prevents blood flow into the glomerulus from changing

52
Q

What does myogenic mechanism do when the arterial blood pressure decreases?

A

The afferent arteriole are relaxed so they dilates them and allows blood to flow more easily into the glomerulus

53
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid and adjusts filtration rate accordingly

54
Q

What are the parts of the tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus, macula densa, granular cells, and mesangial cells

55
Q

What is juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Complex structure at the end of the nephron loop where in comes into contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles

56
Q

What is macula densa?

A

Patch of sensory cells in nephron loop, when GFR is high filtrate contains more NaCl and it secretes ATP to stimulate nearby granular cells

57
Q

What is granular cells?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells around arterioles that constrict afferent arterioles

58
Q

What is mesangial cells?

A

Contract, and constrict capillaries

59
Q

What do granular cells do?

A

They also secrete renin in response of a drop in blood pressure

60
Q

What does sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine do?

A

Constrict the afferent arterioles in exercise. Reduces GFR and urine output and redirects blood

61
Q

What are the steps of the RAAS system?

A

The sympathetic nerve will signal granular cells to release renin while the liver releases angiotensinogen. They concerts it into angiotensin I and when the enzyme ACE from the lungs reacts it turns it into angiotensin II. This goes into brain, causes vasoconstriction, and goes to adrenal gland to release aldosterone

62
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

It is an active hormone that increases BP

63
Q

What are the basic stages of urine formation?

A

Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and water conservation

64
Q

How much does the PCT reabsorb?

A

65% of glomerular filtrate

65
Q

What does the PCT do with the glomerular filtrate?

A

It removes some substances from blood and secretes them into tubular fluid for disposal in urine

66
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to blood

67
Q

What is picked up in tubular reabsorption?

A

All building blocks except sodium

68
Q

What does the thick segment reabsorb?

A

25% of Na, K, and Cl in filtrate

69
Q

What are the two types of cells in the DCT and collecting duct?

A

Principial cells and intercalated cells

70
Q

What are principal cells?

A

Most numerous, they have receptors for hormones, and involved in salt and water balance

71
Q

What are intercalated cells?

A

Involved in acid-base balance by secreting H into tubule lumen and reabsorbing K

72
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

The salt retaining hormone

73
Q

What causes aldosterone to be secreted?

A

When blood Na conc falls or when K conc rises

74
Q

What secretes aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

75
Q

Where does aldosterone effect?

A

On the thick segment of the nephron loop, DCT, and portion on the collecting duct

76
Q

What does secreting aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of Na and secretion of K. Water and Cl follow Na

77
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

Secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure

78
Q

What are the four actions result in excretion of more salt and water in urine which also reduces Blood volume and pressure?

A

Dilate afferent arteriole and constrict efferent arteriole to raise GFR
Inhibit renin and aldosterone secretion
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct
Inhibit secretion of ADH

79
Q

What is ADH?

A

Antidiuretic hormone that is secreted by posterior pituitary

80
Q

What causes the release of ADH?

A

Dehydration, loss of blood volume and rising blood osmolarity

81
Q

What is PTH?

A

Parathyroid hormone that is secreted from parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency)

82
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Increase phosphate excretion on PCT and increase calcium reabsorption

83
Q

How much does the nephron loop reabsorb?

A

25% of the filtrate

84
Q

What does the DCT reabsorb?

A

Na, Cl, and water under hormonal control

85
Q

What is so important about the collecting duct?

A

It runs through medulla, and reabsorbs water, making urine up to four times more concentrated

86
Q

How does the water leave the medulla?

A

As the medulla increases salt levels, the water leaves by osmosis

87
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Pus in the urine

88
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in urine dur to UTI, trauma, or kidney stones

89
Q

What is the normal urine volume?

A

1 to 2 L/day

90
Q

What is polyuria?

A

When the urine volume is more then 2 L/day

91
Q

What is anuria?

A

When your urine volume is 0 - 100 mL/day

92
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria

93
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

When you have high conc of glucose in renal tubule that opposes the osmotic reabsorption of water and more water passes through urine

94
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

When ADH hyposecretion causes not enough water to be reabsorbed in collecting duct

95
Q

What is diuretics?

A

Any chemical that increases urine volume

96
Q

What are ureters?

A

Retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder

97
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Muscular sac located on flood of pelvic cavity

98
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tube that coneys urine out of body

99
Q

What are the parts of the female urethra?

A

The interna urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

100
Q

What are the parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongey urethra with the internal and external urethral sphincter

101
Q

What is renal insufficiency?

A

A state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons

102
Q

What can renal insufficiency cause?

A

Reduced production of EPO

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions