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BIOL 3320 > Exam 4 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five stages of digestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, and defecation

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Selective intake of food

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3
Q

What is digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

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4
Q

What is absorption?

A

Uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph

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5
Q

What is compaction?

A

Absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

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6
Q

What is defecation?

A

Elimination of feces

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7
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

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8
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

a series of hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into their monomers

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9
Q

What are polysaccharides broken down into?

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

WHat are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

What are fats broken down into?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acid

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12
Q

What are nucleic acids broken down into?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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14
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Stomach and intestines

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15
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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16
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Nervous network in esophagus, stomach, and intestines that regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

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17
Q

What is mesenteries?

A

Connective tissue sheets that suspend stomach and intestines from abdominal wall

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18
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A ventral mesentery that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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20
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach

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21
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

Extension of the mesentery that anchors the colon to the abdominal wall

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22
Q

What is intraperitoneal?

A

When an organ is enclosed by mesentery on both sides

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23
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A

When an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on its anterior side only

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24
Q

What is the functions of the mouth?

A

Ingestion, taste and sensory responses to food, chewing and chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, and respiration

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25
Q

How many teeth does an adult have?

A

32

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26
Q

What are the different types of teeth?

A

3 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars

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27
Q

What is salvia do?

A

Moistens mouth, begins starch and fat digestion, dissolves molecules, and inhibits bacterial growth

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28
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

Enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

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29
Q

What is lingual lipase?

A

Enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is swallowed

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30
Q

What is mucus?

A

Binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing

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31
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

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32
Q

What is immunoglobulin A?

A

An antibody that inhibits bacterial growth

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33
Q

What is electrolytes?

A

Na, K, Cl, Phosphate, and bicarbonate

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34
Q

What are intrinsic salivary glands?

A

Small glands dispersed amid other oral tissues

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35
Q

What are extrinsic salivary glands?

A

Three pairs connected to oral cavity by ducts

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36
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Mass swallowed as a result of saliva binding food particles into a soft, slippery, easily swallowed mass

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37
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular funnel connecting oral cavity to esophagus and nasal cavity to larynx

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38
Q

What does the inferior constrictor do?

A

When not swallowing it remains contracted to exclude air from the esophagus

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39
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Straight muscular tube that extends from pharynx to cardiac orifice of stomach

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40
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to diaphragm

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41
Q

Where does most digestion occur?

A

Small intestines

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42
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region

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43
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

Narrow passage to duodenum

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44
Q

What are stomach receives and what are they from?

A

Parasympathetic fibers from vagus
Sympathetic fibers from celiac ganglia

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45
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Depressions in gastric mucosa

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46
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

Secrete mucus; mainly in cardiac and pyloric glands

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47
Q

What are regenerative cells?

A

Found in base of pit and in beck of gland

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48
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Secrete HCl, Intrinsic factor ,and ghrelin

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49
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Most numerous; secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

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50
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

Concentrated at end of gland; secrete hormones and paracrine messengers

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51
Q

What are gastric juice?

A

Mixture of water, HCl, and pepsin; 2-3L per day

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52
Q

What does HCl do?

A

Activates pepsin and lingual lipase; breaks up connective tissue and plant cell wall; converts Fe3 to Fe2

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53
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins

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54
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

Zymogen secreted by chief cells

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55
Q

What does HCl do to pepsinogen?

A

Removes amino acid and forms pepsin

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56
Q

What is the autocatalytic effect of pepsinogen?

A

As some pepsin is formed, it converts more pepsinogen into more pepsin

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57
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Digests dietary proteins into shorter peptides

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58
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

Produced by chief cells; digests 10-15% of dietary fats in stomach

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59
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Essential to absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestines

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60
Q

What is the importance of vitamin B12?

A

It is needed to synthesize hemoglobin

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61
Q

What is the three ways the stomach is protected?

A

Mucous coat, tight junctions, and epithelial cell replacement

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62
Q

What is the mucous coat?

A

It is a thick, alkaline mucus resists action of acid and enzymes

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63
Q

What is tight junctions?

A

Between epithelial cells to prevent gastric juice from seeping through

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64
Q

What is epithelial cell replacement?

A

Cells live only 3-6 days and sloughed off into the chyme and digested with food

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65
Q

What happens if the methods of protecting the stomach are broken down?

A

It can cause inflammation and peptic ulcer

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66
Q

What causes most ulcers?

A

The acid resistance bacteria helicobacter pylori

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67
Q

What does the small intestines receive?

A

Chyme from stomach and secretions from liver and pancreas

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68
Q

Where is the liver and what is its function?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm and secretes bile which contributes to digestion

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69
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Right, left, quadrate, and caudate

70
Q

What does the falciform ligament do on the liver?

A

Separates the right lobe from the left lobe

71
Q

What is the round ligament on the liver?

A

It is the fibrous remnant of umbilical vein

72
Q

What is porta hepatis?

A

Irregular opening between quadrate and caudate lobes

73
Q

What separates hepatic lobules?

A

Stroma

74
Q

What is between lobules?

A

A hepatic triad of two vessels and bile ductule

75
Q

What do hepatocytes do after a meal?

A

They are absorbed from the blood

76
Q

What do hepatocytes do between meals?

A

Break down stored glycogen and release glucose, remove degrade, and secrete products into the blood

77
Q

Where does the central vein lead to?

A

Right and left hepatic veins

78
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A

Narrow channels into which the liver secretes bile

79
Q

What is the common hepatic duct?

A

Formed from convergence of right and left hepatic ducts on inferior side of the liver

80
Q

What is the cysticduct?

A

From gallbladder and joins common hepatic duct

81
Q

What is the bile duct?

A

Formed from union of cystic and common hepatic ducts

82
Q

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

A

To store and concentrate bile by absorbing water and electrocytes

83
Q

Where does the neck of the gallbladder lead to?

A

The cystic duct

84
Q

What is bile?

A

Yellow-green fluid that contains minerals, bile pigments, and bile acid

85
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin

86
Q

What are bile acids?

A

Steroids synthesized from cholesterol

87
Q

Where and how much bile acid are reabsorbed?

A

80% of bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver

88
Q

What are the sections of the pancreas?

A

The head encircled by duodenum, a body, and a tail

89
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon

90
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

99% of pancreas that secretes 1.2L to 1.5L of pancreatic juice per day

91
Q

Where is the pancreatic duct?

A

Runs lengthwise through middle of the gland

92
Q

Where is the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

Smaller duct that branches from the main pancreatic duct

93
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

Alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, NaCO2, and other electrolytes

94
Q

What are the pancreatic zymogens?

A

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

95
Q

What is trypsinogen?

A

Secreted into intestinal lumen and coverts to trypsin that is an autocatalytic

96
Q

What is chymotrypsinogen?

A

Converted to chymotrypsin by trypsin

97
Q

What is proarboxypeptidase?

A

Converted to carboxypeptidase by trypsin

98
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

Digest starch

99
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

Digest fat

100
Q

What does the ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease do?

A

Digest RNA and DNA respectively

101
Q

What are the 3 stimuli responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

A

Acetylcholine, cholecystokinin, and secretin

102
Q

Where is Acetylcholine from?

A

Vagus and enteric nerves

102
Q

Where is cholecystokinin from?

A

Secreted by mucosa of duodenum in response to arrival of fats in small intestine

103
Q

Where is secretin from?

A

Released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from the stomach

104
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulates ducts of liver and pancreas to secrete more sodium bicarbonate to raise pH level

105
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Stimulates pancreatic acini to secrete enzymes

106
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Stimulates acini to secrete enzymes during cephalic phase

107
Q

Where does most of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

108
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

A region of the small intestine, and begins at pyloric valve

109
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Fats are broken up by bile acids, pepsin is inactivated by increase pH, pancreatic enzymes perform chemical digestion

110
Q

Where is the jejunum?

A

First 40% of small intestineW

111
Q

What happens in the jejunum?

A

Most digestion and nutrient absorption

112
Q

Where is the ileum?

A

Forms last 60% of small intestine

113
Q

What does the ileum look like?

A

Thinner, less muscular and vascular

114
Q

What are peyer patches?

A

Prominent lymphatic nodules in cluster on the slide opposite the mesenteric attachment

115
Q

What are ileocecal junction?

A

End of small intestine

116
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

A sphincter formed by the thickened muscularis of the ileum

117
Q

What are both the jejunum and ileum?

A

Intraperitoneal covered with serosa

118
Q

What are circular folds?

A

Largest fold of intestinal wall that increase surface area to help with digestion and absorption

119
Q

What are villi?

A

Little fingers-like projections that increase surface area by factor of 10

120
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Villi on top of the villi (brush border) to increase surface area by a factor of 20

121
Q

Where are the brush border enzymes?

A

Contained in plasma membrane of microvilli

122
Q

What does the brush border enzyme do?

A

Final stages of enzymatic digestion

123
Q

What are contact digestion?

A

Chyme must contact the brush border for digestion to occur

124
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Movement in which stationary ring-like constriction appear in several places along the intestine

125
Q

What does peristalsis do?

A

Move contents of small intestine toward colon

126
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugar and starches

127
Q

What are the different types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

128
Q

What are the different types of disaccharides?

A

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

129
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

Glucose + glucose

130
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

Glucose + fructose

131
Q

How is lactose made?

A

Glucose + galactose

132
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Starch made from glucose

133
Q

What is the most common startch?

A

amylose

134
Q

How are the macromolecules absorbed?

A

They are all broken down into monosaccharides

135
Q

How are protein made?

A

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

136
Q

What are the enzymes that digest proteins?

A

Proteases or peptidases

137
Q

How are proteins absorbed?

A

Must be broken down into single amino acids

138
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fatty acids, triglycerides, and monoglycerides

139
Q

What digest lipids?

A

The enzyme lipase

140
Q

What is the most digestible dietary carbohydrate?

A

Starch

141
Q

What is starch first digested to?

A

Oligosaccharides

142
Q

What are oligosaccharides digested to?

A

Disaccharide maltose

143
Q

What are maltose digested to?

A

Glucose

144
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Hydrolyzes starch into oligosaccharides

145
Q

What happens to people without lactase?

A

Lactose passes undigested into large intestine

146
Q

What does lactose in large intestine do?

A

Increases osmolarity of intestinal contents and causes water retention

147
Q

What does proteases do?

A

Enzymes that digest proteins

148
Q

What are lipases?

A

Fat-digesting enzymes

149
Q

What happens to vitamins?

A

They are absorbed unchanged

150
Q

How much water is absorbed by small intestine

A

8 L

151
Q

How much water is absorbed by large intestine?

A

0.8 L

152
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Occurs when large intestine absorbs too little water

153
Q

What is constipation?

A

Occurs when feal movement is slow, too much water gets reabsorbed

154
Q

Where does the large intestines form?

A

At the cecum

155
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Portion ending at anal canal

156
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Final 3 cm of the large intestine

157
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

Longitudinal fibers conc in three thickened, ribbon-like strips

158
Q

What are haustra?

A

Pouches in the colon caused by the muscle tone of the taenia coli

159
Q

What is internal anal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle of muscularis externa

160
Q

What is the external anal sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle of pelvic diaphragm

161
Q

What are feces consist of?

A

75% water and 25% solids

162
Q

How often do haustral contractions occur?

A

every 30 mins

163
Q

What happens to starch in the mouth?

A

The salivary amylase breaks it down into oligosaccharides and maltose

164
Q

What happens to oligosaccharides in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic amylase breaks it down into maltose

165
Q

What happens to lactose in the small intestine?

A

It splits into fructose and galactose

166
Q

What happens to protein in the stomach?

A

Pepsin breaks it into small peptides

167
Q

what happens to small peptides in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase break it down into dipeptides; turn into free amino acids

168
Q

What happens to fats in the stomach?

A

The lingual lipase breaks it into free fatty acids

169
Q

What happens to fats in small intestine?

A

Pancreatic lipase breaks it into monoglyceride and free fatty acids; they get turned into triglycerides

BIOL 3320 (8 decks)

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