lecture 30 - intro to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the overall components of the immune system that defend the body against disease?

A

Organs, cells, antibodies

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2
Q

What is the name for a microbe that causes disease?

A

Pathogen

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3
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Organs that produce white blood cells/lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow, thymus

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5
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Source of stem cells that develop into cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses.

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6
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Produces T cells (T lymphocytes) and ‘teach’ them what to react to and how. They learn not to react to self in order to prevent auto-immunity.

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7
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Sites where immune responses are initiated

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8
Q

What are the two secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes

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9
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Site of initiation of white blood cell immune responses to blood-borne pathogens. Filters blood to remove old cells.

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10
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Nodes along lymphatic vessels where lymph fluid from blood and tissue is filtered. Site of initiation of immune responses.

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11
Q

What are the two key layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis

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12
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

Contains dead cells, keratin, and phagocytic cells. It is constantly being renewed.

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13
Q

What is the dermis?

A

A thick layer of connective tissue, collagen, blood vessels and phagocytic immune cells.

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14
Q

What are the chemical defences of the skin?

A

Antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, sebum, salt

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15
Q

What is the functions of antimicrobial peptides, e.g. defensins?

A

Form pores/holes in microbial cell membranes

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16
Q

What is the function of lysozyme?

A

Sits in skin and breaks down bacterial cell walls.

17
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

An oily secretion that gives the skin a low pH, making it hostile to bacteria.

18
Q

How does salt defend the skin from pathogens?

A

It makes the skin hypertonic, desiccating bacteria.

19
Q

How many layers of cells do mucous membranes have?

A

1-2 layers

20
Q

What is the structure of mucous membranes?

A

They have an epithelium: layer of tightly packed live cells and mucous producing goblet cells.

21
Q

Do mucous membranes produce sebum?

A

No

22
Q

What parts of the body do mucous membranes line?

A

Parts that lead to the outside and are exposed to air - ocular, respiratory, oral and urogenital/rectal

23
Q

What structure lines the respiratory tract and traps particles?

A

Musociliary escalator

24
Q

What is the function of the musociliary escalator?

A

Lines the respiratory tract and is responsible for trapping particles in mucus and propelling them up and out of the lungs via cilia.

25
Q

How do cilia move mucus up the pharynx in the musociliary escalator?

A

They beat in tandem.

26
Q

What two mucous membranes have cilia?

A

Respiratory tract and uterine tubes

27
Q

What are examples of chemical defences of mucosal membranes?

A

low pH, bile (gall bladder), digestive enzymes (intestine), mucus, defensins, lysozyme (tears, urine)

28
Q

What are the two systems of immune system defence?

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

29
Q

What are the characteristics of innate immunity?

A

Already in place, rapid, fixed, limited specificities, no specific memory

30
Q

What surface barriers are employed by the body’s innate immune defences?

A

Skin, mucous membranes

31
Q

What are the internal defences of the innate immune system (5)?

A

Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

A

Improves during the response, slow, highly specific, long term specific memory

33
Q

What make up the humoral immunity component of adaptive defences?

A

B cells

34
Q

What make up the cellular immunity component of adaptive defences?

A

T cells (B cells come under humeral category)

35
Q

What is the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral immunity involves antibodies (produced by B cells) to combat extracellular pathogens/toxins, while cellular involves the attack of intracellular pathogens via T cell action and apoptosis.