lecture 10 - muscle/joint action Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of an ‘anatomical lever’?

A

Bones act as levers, joints as pivot/fulcrum, contracting muscles supply force, load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the position of the components in a first class lever?

A

Pivot in middle, load and applied force on either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the position of the components in a second class lever?

A

Pivot and applied force at either end, load in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the position of the components in a third class lever?

A

Pivot and load at either end, applied force in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plantar flex ion involves what class of lever?

A

Second class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What class of lever is involved with flexion of the elbow joint?

A

Third class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three factors that affect muscle form/function?

A

Length, number and arrangement of fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How much can muscle fibres shorten?

A

Up to 50% of their resting length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If a muscle requires a large range of motion, will it be long or short?

A

Long, so the half-length is long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the tension/force of a muscle proportional to?

A

Cross sectional area of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The greater the concentration/number of fibres in a given area, the greater the….

A

tension the muscle can generate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name for muscle fibres arranged vertically in line with tendons?

A

Parallel fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name for muscle fibres arranged oblique to the tendons?

A

Pennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do pennate or parallel fibres have a greater cross sectional area?

A

Pennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do pennate muscles generate greater force than parallel muscles?

A

The angle of the muscle fibres allows a greater number of fibres to fit in the same area than parallel muscles, allowing more force to be generated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do muscles consisting of pennate fibres have a small range of motion?

A

Pennate fibres can only contract by half the length of their shortest fibre. The oblique arrangement leaves some very short fibres on the edges, which creates a small ROM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric, eccentric, isometric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is concentric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, tension exceeds load so muscle shortens/contracts, moving the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is eccentric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, developing tension. Load exceeds tension, so muscle lengthens. Usually, another muscle causes this lengthening. Changes joint position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is isometric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, but the load is equal and opposite to the applied force, so there is no change in muscle length or joint position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four muscle roles at joints?

A

Agonist, antagonist, stabiliser, neutraliser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are muscle agonists?

A

Muscles that act concentrically (shorten to cause the main movement at a joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are muscle antagonists?

A

Muscles that act eccentrically, and are generally stretched as the result of the shortening of an opposite agonist muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are muscle stabilisers?

A

Muscles that hold a joint still (isometric action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are muscle neutralisers?

A

Muscles that eliminate unwanted muscle movement, using extension and flexion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying anterior to a joint produce?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying posterior to a joint produce?

A

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying medial to a joint produce?

A

Adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying lateral to a joint produce?

A

Abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What joint is the exception to the concentric muscle rules?

A

The knee joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What kind of movement will a knee muscle lying anterior to the joint produce?

A

Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What kind of movement will a knee muscle lying posterior to the joint produce?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many heads does the bicep brachii have?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is the superior attachment of the biceps brachii?

A

Scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the inferior end of the biceps brachii attach?

A

The radius - the radial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What movement is generated by the biceps brachii at the shoulder and why?

A

Flexion, muscle anterior to joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What movement is generated at the elbow by the biceps brachii and why?

A

Flexion, muscle anterior to joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many heads does the triceps brachii muscle have?

A

Three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Long, short, medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the long head of the triceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What heads of the triceps brachii attach to the humerus?

A

Short and medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does the inferior end of the triceps brachii attach?

A

The olecranon of the ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What movement is generated by the triceps brachii at the shoulder, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What movement is generated by the triceps brachii at the elbow, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the shape of the deltoid muscle?

A

Triangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the attachment points of the deltoid muscle?

A

Scapula, clavicle, humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

48
Q

What part of the humerus does the deltoid muscle attach to?

A

The deltoid tuberosity

49
Q

What kind of fibres, and therefore types of movement, exist in the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior fibres = flexion, posterior fibres = extension, lateral fibres = abduction

50
Q

What two muscles make up iliopsoas muscle?

A

Psoas major, iliacus

51
Q

What are the attachments of the psoas major muscle?

A

Starts at end of thoracic vertebrae and attaches down the lumbar vertebrae. Joins to the iliacus muscle

52
Q

What is the lateral attachment of the iliacus?

A

Ilium

53
Q

What movement is generated by the iliopsoas muscles, and why?

A

Flexion at the hip joint, muscles anterior to joint

54
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus muscle attach to bone?

A

the sacrum, hip bones, femur

55
Q

What movement is generated at the hip joint by the gluteus maximus, and why?

A

Extension, muscle lies posterior to joint

56
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, 3 vasti muscles (lateralis, intermedius, medialis)

57
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris

58
Q

What are the bone connections of the rectus femoris?

A

Attaches to the hip bone anteriorly/superiorly, and patella and tibial tuberosity anteriorly/inferiorly

59
Q

What movement is generated at the hip joint by the rectus femoris, and why?

A

Flexion, muscle lies anterior to the joint

60
Q

Where do the vasti muscles attach?

A

The patella and the femur

61
Q

What are the names of the vasti muscles?

A

Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

62
Q

What movement is generated by the vasti muscles at the knee joint, and why?

A

Extension, muscles lie anterior to joint

63
Q

How many muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

3

64
Q

What are the muscles of the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus.

65
Q

What are the attachments of the heads of the biceps femoris?

A

One head attaches to the ischium, One head attaches to the femur

66
Q

Where does the inferior end of the biceps femoris attach?

A

The fibula

67
Q

What is the physcial characteristic of the semi-membranosus muscle?

A

Very thin and flat, resembles a membrane

68
Q

What is the physical characteristic of the semi-tendinosus muscle?

A

Thin and long - resembles a tendon

69
Q

Where do the semi-membranosus and semi-tendinosus muscles attach?

A

The ischium (ischial tuberosity) and tibia

70
Q

What movement is generated by the hamstrings at the hip joint, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

71
Q

What movement is generated by the hamstrings at the knee joint, and why?

A

Flexion - posterior to knee joint, as well as rotation when flexed (condylar joint)

72
Q

What are the attachments of the tibialis anterior muscle?

A

Anterior of tibia, medial metacarpals

73
Q

What two types of movement is generated by the tibialis major muscle at the ankle joint, and why?

A

Flexion (dorsi flexion) - muscle anterior to joint. Adduction (inversion) - muscle medial to joint

74
Q

What muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

75
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the triceps surae muscle?

A

gastrocnemius

76
Q

What is the deeper muscle of the trcieps surae?

A

Soleus

77
Q

What are the attachments of the gastrocnemius?

A

Posterior of the femur, calcaneous tendon (heel bone/ calcaneus)

78
Q

What movement is generated by the gastrocnemius muscle at the knee joint, and why?

A

Flexion - muscle is posterior to knee joint

79
Q

What are the attachments of the soleus muscle?

A

Head of the fibula, calcaneous tendon (heel bone / calcaneus)

80
Q

What movement is generated by the trcieps surae at the ankle joint, and why.

A

Extension (plantar flexion) - muscle lies posterior to joint

81
Q

Where does the achilles/calcaneous tendon attach?

A

The heel bone - calcaneous

82
Q

What is the primary agonist in the extension of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

83
Q

What is the primary agonist in the flexion of the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas

84
Q

What muscle generates supination (rotation of the radius so it lies parallel to the ulna)?

A

Biceps Brachii, as it has its distal attachment on the radial tuberosity of the radius, allowing it to contract and pull on the radius so it crosses the ulna.

85
Q

What is a muscle synergist?

A

A muscle that contracts to help a muscle group work. A larger agonist will initiate the action, and the synergist will work along side to stabilise or provide additional pull

86
Q

What is the difference between a muscle insertion and a muscle origin?

A

An origin is a muscle attachment where the bone is fixed in place during muscle action. Contraction of the muscle will pull the muscle insertion towards the origin.

87
Q

What are the origins of the deltoid?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

88
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

89
Q

What is the origin of the biceps brachii?

A

Scapula (coracoid process), scapula

90
Q

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Radius (radial tuberosity)

91
Q

What are the origins of trcieps brachii?

A

Humerus, scapula

92
Q

What is the insertion of trcieps brachii?

A

Ulna (Olecranon)

93
Q

What are the key origins of the gluteus maximus?

A

Ilium (iliac crest), sacrum,

94
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteal tuberosity of femur

95
Q

What is the origin of the iliacus?

A

Iliac fossa

96
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?

A

Femur

97
Q

What is the origin of psoas major?

A

Lower vertebrae

98
Q

What is the order of the muscles of the hamstrings, medial to lateral?

A

Semi-membranous, Semi-tendonosus, Biceps femoris

99
Q

What is the order of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris (medial to lateral)?

A

Vastus medialis, Rectus Femoris & Rectus intermedius (the latter is deep to the former), Vastus lateralis.

100
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity and femur

101
Q

What is the insertion of biceps femoris?

A

Head of fibula

102
Q

What are the origins of semi-membranous and semi-tendonosus?

A

Ischial tubersoity

103
Q

In general, where do all of the hamstrings originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

104
Q

Where is the insertion of the semi-membranous and semi-tendonosus?

A

The tibia

105
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

Ilium (anterior inferior iliac spine)

106
Q

What is the insertion of rectus femoris?

A

Tibia (tibial tuberosity)

107
Q

What are the origins of the vasti msucles?

A

Femur

108
Q

What are the insertions of the vasti muscles?

A

Tibial tuberosity

109
Q

What is the origin of tibialis anterior?

A

Tibia

110
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

A

Medial metacarpal

111
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

Femoral condyles

112
Q

What is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

Calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

113
Q

What are the names of the two heads of biceps brachii?

A

Long head and Short head

114
Q

Where does the long head of biceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula

115
Q

Where does the short head of biceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula