lecture 33 - linking innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 key components of immune cell communication?

A

Soluble chemical messengers, surface bound ligands, antigens

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2
Q

What are soluble chemical messengers and how do they lead to cell communication?

A

Soluble molecules (chemokines and cytokines) bind to chemokine and cytokine cell membrane receptors which triggers a cellular response.

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3
Q

How are surface bound ligands involved in immune cell communication?

A

Cell surface-bound receptors bind to cell surface ligands which can relay between T and B cells, altering the function of one or both cells, by up or down regulating gene expression

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4
Q

What are ligands, in terms of immunity?

A

Molecules that are relayed between cell surface receptors on different cells for communication.

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5
Q

What are antigens, in terms of a pathogen?

A

A part of a pathogen that can be recognised by the immune system .

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6
Q

How are antigens involved in immune cell communication, particularly in linking innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic and other cells can present antigens to T-cells by binding them to cell surface receptors, which triggers an adaptive response.

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7
Q

What are the types of antigens?

A

Foreign and self antigens

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8
Q

What are foreign antigens?

A

Antigens that come from outside the body - pathogens, chemicals, etc.

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9
Q

What are self antigens?

A

Antigens produced by the body that the immune system is usually tolerant of and recognises as self.

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10
Q

What is activated dendritic cell communication?

A

Process in which PAMP activated dendritic cells make cytokines and chemokines, utilise surface bound ligands and present antigens to active T-cells.

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11
Q

What does MHC stand for in immunology?

A

Major histocompatability complex

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12
Q

What is MHC, and what is its function?

A

A group of genes that code for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune system

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of MHCs?

A

MHC-I and MHC-II

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14
Q

What is MHC-I?

A

MHC that is expressed on all nucleated cells, and is used to present endogenous/intracellular antigens to T cells.

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15
Q

What is MHC-II?

A

MHC that is expressed only on antigen presenting cells (e.g. dendritic cells) and presents exogenous (extracellular) antigens

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16
Q

What are endogenous antigens?

A

Intracellular antigens

17
Q

What are exogenous antigens?

A

Extracellular antigens

18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Molecules that control immune cell growth and activity

19
Q

What are 2 key examples of cytokines?

A

Interleukins, interferons

20
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Molecules that stimulate leukocyte (white blood cell) migration.

21
Q

What immune system/s produce cytokine and chemokines?

A

Both innate and adaptive

22
Q

What are helper T cells?

A

T cells that have been activated in such a way that they can help B cells to make antibodies

23
Q

How do helper T cells activate B cells?

A

Making cytokines that bind to receptors on B cell membranes, and using their surface receptors to bind to B cell surface bound ligands.

24
Q

How can B cells be activated, aside from by helper T cells?

A

When complement fragments bound to antigens are recognised by B cell receptors.