Cells and tissues: muscle and nervous

Question 1

Muscle tissue function

Answer 1

elongated cells or fibres (myocytes) that use energy from hydrolysis of ATP to generate force. results in contractions, posture, heat

Question 2

types of muscle tisse

Answer 2

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Question 3

skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 3

fibrous and cylindrical attached to bones via tendons and appear striated. voluntary and conscious control. long cells. nuclei pushed to side

Question 4

smallest muscle

Answer 4

stapedius, tympanic reflex, controls tension on ear bones to prevent deafening

Question 5

bells palsy

Answer 5

hyperacususis from stapedius being paralysed

Question 6

longest muscle

Answer 6

sartorius: leg, hip to tibia, check for gum leg muscle, flexor

Question 7

striations

Answer 7

due to myofibrils in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) that run the length of cell.

Question 8

myfibril

Answer 8

myofilaments arranged in compartments called sarcomeres (defined by Z discs).
made of
thin filaments: actin
thick filiments: mysosin

Question 9

epimysium

Answer 9

surrounds anatomical muscle

Question 10

perimysium

Answer 10

around fascicles (lots of myocytes together)

Question 11

endomysium

Answer 11

around muscle fibres, capillaries/nerves here

Question 12

sarcolemma

Answer 12

muscle cell plasma membrane

Question 13

sarcoplasm

Answer 13

muscle cell cytoplasm

Question 14

Bands of myfibril

Answer 14

A band: middle, with all thick filaments
I Band: only thin, no thick
H zone: thick but no thin. dynamic and contracts
M line: middle of sarcomere that holds thick together
Z disc: passes through I band and made if actinins that like filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

Question 15

cardiac muscle

Answer 15

striated and branched with a single central nucleus. joined by intercalated disc. found in heart and involuntary non-conscious control

Question 16

intercalated disc

Answer 16

made of desmosomes that bind intermediate filaments and gap junctions

Question 17

smooth muscle

Answer 17

walls of hollow internal structures. change shape and contract. spindle shaped and involuntary control. non striated and contractile mechanism can change. single central nucleus

Question 18

dense bodies

Answer 18

provide structural connections for contractile elements, made of actinin. connected to intermediate filaments.

Question 19

intermediate filaments in smooth muscle

Answer 19

bind to dense bodies. during contraction, don’t move as much causing a squishing and rotation movement. useful for diameter changing in tubes.

Question 20

Nervous tissue subdivisions

Answer 20

CNS: brain, spinal cord, optic nerve
PNS: all other nervous tissue, sensory and motor. info from CNS to organs and glands

Question 21

Type sof nervous cells

Answer 21

neurons
neuroglia

Question 22

Neuron

Answer 22

cell body with branched dendrites (receiver) and then axon (coated in myelin sheath) that sends info, branching into a terminal. high metabolic rate. electrical communication, no cell division

Question 23

multipolar neuron

Answer 23

2 or more dendrites, and single axon. motor

Question 24

bipolar neuron

Answer 24

one dendrite and one axon. branches between neurons and involved in special senses. cell body between axon and dendrite. relay info from receptor

Question 25

unipolar neuron

Answer 25

dendrite and axon are continuous with cell body off to side

Question 26

anaxonic

Answer 26

no differentiation between axon and dendrite, found in brain and sense organs, not well understood.

Question 27

neuroglia

Answer 27

found in pns and cna. supportive cells, can divide, chemical communication. physical structure, repair, nutrient transport, regulate interstitial fluid

Question 28

CNS neuroglia

Answer 28

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglia
ependymal cell

Question 29

astrocyte

Answer 29

star shaped, links to itself to form syncytium, support and communicate. maintain environment by regulating ions. blood brain barrier

Question 30

oligodendrocyte

Answer 30

insulation, and forms myelin sheath that wraps around cns axons

Question 31

Microglia

Answer 31

phagocytic. protection

Question 32

ependymal cell

Answer 32

produce cerebrospinal fluid. nutrients and protections. have cilia and microvillia for CSF monitoring and movement

Question 33

PNS neuroglia

Answer 33

schwann cell: pns oligiodendrocyte. that can also just support/surround non myelinated axons (one cell per axon)
satellite: surround neuron cell bodies. support fluid exchange