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geology > UNIT 10 SURFACE WATER > Flashcards

UNIT 10 SURFACE WATER Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 Water reservoirs

A

The Ocean reservoir

The atmospheric reservoir

The Organic reservoir

The Land Reservoir

The Snow and Ice Reservoir

The Subsurface Reservoir

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2
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: atmospheric to ocean

A

precipitation over oceans

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3
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: ocean to atmospheric

A

cloud condensation

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4
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: Land to ocean

A

surface runoff

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5
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: organic to atmospheric

A

Evapotranspiration from vegetation

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6
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: Land to atmospheric

A

Evaporation of surface water

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7
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: atmospheric to land

A

Precipitation over land

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8
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: atmospheric to snow and ice

A

Precipitation

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9
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: snow and ice to land

A

moving glaciers and melting ice

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10
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: During atmospheric

A

wind transportation of moisture

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11
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: Land to subsurface

A

Infiltration

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12
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: during subsurface

A

percolation, soil water flow, groundwater flow, deep groundwater flow

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13
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: subsurface to Land

A

Emergence of a spring

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14
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: Land to Organic

A

Roots in plants

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15
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: atmospheric to organic

A

rain into soil into roots into plant

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16
Q

WATER CYCLE QUESTION: Land to snow and ice

A

Freezing

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17
Q

A stream is

A

Any body of running water that flows into a channel

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18
Q

A channel is

A

An elongate depression or trough in the landscape

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19
Q

Runoff is

A

Water flowing on the surface of the earth

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20
Q

Water flows from upstream “______” to downstream”_______”

A

Headwaters to mouth

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21
Q

Ways streams can form

A

melted snow adds water

swamps and puddles collect water

rain or snow falls directly in

groundwater enters via springs

entering though the soil

sheetwash erosion

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22
Q

sheetwash can carve a channel via

A

erosion of the substrate

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23
Q

downcutting…

A

depends the main channel by eroding the substrate and steepens the banks of the stream

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24
Q

side channels that flow into the trunk stream are called

A

tributaries

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25
Q

an array of interconnected streams is called a

A

drainage network

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26
Q

how many types of drainage networks are there

A

5

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27
Q

Name the 5 types of drainage networks

A

dentritic
radial
trellis
parallel
rectangular

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28
Q

a drainage network collects water from….

A

a region: catchment ,drainage basin, or watershed

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29
Q

A drainage divide is what

A

the separation of two basins

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30
Q

the amazon watershed is one of the largest….

A

drainage basins and flows into the amazojn

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31
Q

a continental divide separates flows into

A

different oceans.

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32
Q

in gaining streams..

A

the volume of water increases as the streams flows away from the head

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33
Q

in losing streams….

A

the volume of water decreases with distance from the head

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34
Q

permanent streams are defined by

A

water flowing all year

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35
Q

ephemeral streams are defined by

A

flowing only seasonally usually during rainfall

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36
Q

discharge is____ and is measured in______

A

the amount of water flowing in a channel
volume per time

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37
Q

the is _____ friction in wider shallower streams

A

More

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38
Q

how do streams erode

A

the streamflow converts potential energy into kinetic energy and erodes by

Scouring
Hydrolysis
and Dissolution

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39
Q

During saltation….

A

coasts bounce along the bed and knock other coasts into the flow

40
Q

What are the three kinds of load in sediment transport

A

dissolved (ions)
suspended (clay)
bed

41
Q

The competence of a river is

A

The maximum particle size it can carry

42
Q

The capacity of a river is

A

The total quantity of sediment it can carry

43
Q

near the base level of a stream…

A

gradient flattens
discharge increases
sediment grain sizes are smaller
channel develops large meander belts

44
Q

sea level is the ultimate…

A

base level

45
Q

Valleys are defined by

A

The V shape and Slumping

46
Q

Canyons are defined by

A

Down Cutting and Undercutting soft material

47
Q

Stair step canyons are defined by

A

Valley plus canyon, looks like steps

48
Q

Waterfalls are defined by

A

rock ledge defines local base level, discharges hardcore, hard material can’t erode it

49
Q

Alluvial fans occur because

A

the competence and capacità decreases because the slope rapidly decreases

50
Q

streams meander because of

A

erosion and deposition

51
Q

when streams meander they form ……

A

point bars and a cut bank, then a meander neck, then an oxbow lake

52
Q

A delta is

A

where the river meets the ocean, looks like a big triangle

53
Q

the missipiti river has a ____ delta

A

birdsfoot

54
Q

what is an antecent stream

A

a stream that existed before an uplift and now still exists but cuts through the uplift as a canyon

55
Q

what is a diverted stream

A

a stream that originally couldn’t cut through an uplift and now flows around the uplift or elsewhere

56
Q

what is stream piracy

A

when a stream crosses a drainage divide

57
Q

what is a persephone river

A

a river that cuts through a drainage divide and joins a hades river

58
Q

Two types of floods

A

Flash flood
Flow Onset

59
Q

Causes of flooding

A

Abrupt heavy rains
Long continuos rains
Abrupt warm weather
dam breaks

60
Q

Slow onset floods are characterized by

A

monsoons
snow melt
hours or days
happen annually

61
Q

flash floods are

A

usually intense rain or dam collapse or levee failure, can onset a seasonal flood

62
Q

how can you prevent some river flooding

A

levees, diverted channels, dykes, managed flooding

63
Q

how do levees break

A

the water seeps through the ground and causes slumping and springs

64
Q

what do we use for flooding rivers in nova scotia

A

dykes

65
Q

under normal conditions dykes operate by

A

retaining the tide and river

66
Q

in dyke realignment…..

A

we put the crops before the dykes , more space, harder to flood, buffer zone

67
Q

streams can be polluted by

A

sewage
heavy metals
fertilizers
pesticides
road salt
oil
toxic wastes

68
Q

Dams have both….

A

positive and negative consequences

69
Q

why was the egypt damn so particularly harmful

A

the sediment carried by the nile naturally nourished the soil and make for extremely effective annual harvests, Now the soil nutritrtion is a vanishing resource

the fishing and agriculture industry are being harmed and the delta is no longer being replenished causing delta subsidence.

70
Q

what is channelization

A

when you dig channels to pull water from another river so you can use it for human means

71
Q

the mouth of a stream is called a _____ and can easily ____

A

delta
subside/change/move

72
Q

oceans cover what percent of the surface

A

70.8%

73
Q

oceans contain how much of earths water

A

97%

74
Q

What is ocean bathymetry

A

like topography but underwater

75
Q

the ocean is what percent water (weight)

A

96.5%

76
Q

the ocean is what percent salt (weight)

A

3.5%

(1.93% chloride,1.7%sodium,0.27% sulphate……)

77
Q

the salinity of the ocean is greatest in

A

The tropics and the surface

78
Q

The salinity of the ocean is the least in

A

high latitude and deep depths

79
Q

the salinity of the ocean is pretty average near the

A

equator

80
Q

The ocean temperature is greatest

A

near the equator and surface

81
Q

The ocean temperature is least in

A

the depths and high latitude

82
Q

What is Thermohaline circulation

A

the path water takes to circle the world, changes in density from salinity content and temperature cause shallow warm less salty currents and deep cold salty currents

83
Q

A molecule of water takes around_____ to complete a thermohaline cycle

A

1500 years

84
Q

tides are cause by the

A

moon and sun

85
Q

how does the moon cause the tides

A

it pulls and creates a “tidal bulge” on the side closest to it and a “smaller tidal bulge” on the side opposite it. this adds potential energy to the water and creates waves

86
Q

Extra high tides are

A

spring tides, the axis of the earth causes them to be stronger

87
Q

extra low tides are called

A

neap tides

88
Q

The moon is the only thing that causes tides

A

FALSE the sun does too

89
Q

in neap tides

A

the tide is caused entirely by the sun

90
Q

the intertidal zone is

A

the area between low and high tide

91
Q

what is a glacier

A

a persistent body of ice snow and sediment that is consistently moving under its own weight

92
Q

glacial striations form as

A

ice picks up rocks from the base of the glacier and plows up older sediment an flows over it

93
Q

What causes a U shaped Valley

A

during glaciation a V shaped valley fills with ice and cause it to mold into a U shape

94
Q

What is Isostacy

A

When the weight of an ice sheet causes subsidence and the athenosphere flows out of the way, then when the glaciers melt the athenosphere flows back in and causes glacial rebound

95
Q

how fast is glacial rebound

A

5mm/year

96
Q

in isostacy Beach terraces are uplifted relative to

A

sea level

geology (12 decks)

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