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GEOLOGY > MINERALS > Flashcards

MINERALS Flashcards

1.1-1.6

1
Q

A mineral to a rock is what an atom is to a

A

molecule

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2
Q

Rock definition

A

A rock is a solid consisting of an aggregate of mineral grains, pieces of older rocks, or a mass of natural glass

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3
Q

what are minerals

A

building blocks of the planet
make up most rocks and sediment

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4
Q

how many known minerals

A

4000

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5
Q

mineral definition

A

a homogeneous, naturally occurring, solid, inorganic* substance with a definable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice

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6
Q

Naturally occurring definition and exceptions

A

form naturally from earth processes
not man made
lab grown minerale are known as synthetic minerals

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7
Q

3 types of earth processes

A

solidification
precipitation
formed by organisms

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8
Q

Inorganic* (difference between made by an organism and organic)

A

organic contains carbon-carbon or carbon hydrogen bonds.

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9
Q

Organic mineral exceptions

A

diamond, graphite

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10
Q

a solid lacking internal structure

A

glass

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11
Q

crystalline structure

A

atoms occupy fixed positions in a grid called a lattice

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12
Q

What is a crystal

A

a crystal is a single continuous piece of crystalline solid, typically bounded by flat crystal faces

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13
Q

how do crystal faces grow

A

they grow naturally as the minerals form and reflect atomic structure

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14
Q

equivalent crystal faces found on two samples of the same mineral

A

always bear the same angular relationship

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15
Q

mineral properties are determined by

A

the geometry of the atomic packing and the nature of chemical bonding

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16
Q

the way elements are packed into a crystal lattice depends upon

A

the size and the charge of the ions of that element

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17
Q

are anions usually bigger than cations

A

yes, anions are usually bigger

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18
Q

a large central cation requires

A

a larger number of anions

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19
Q

a small central cations requires

A

a smaller number of anions

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20
Q

the two polymorphs of carbon are

A

graphite and diamond

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21
Q

the diamond lattice is

A

tetrahedral

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22
Q

the graphite lattice is in

A

sheets

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23
Q

how do crystals grow

A

atoms attach to the outer surface

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24
Q

in an open cavity crystal faces grow

A

perfectly

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25
Q

early crystals act as seeds

A

for further mineral growth

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26
Q

types of crystals (how they encountered other crystals)

A

ephedra’s, anhedral, subhedral

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27
Q

euhedral defintion

A

all perfect edges

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28
Q

anhedral

A

no perfect edges

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29
Q

subhedral

A

some perfet edges

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30
Q

two types of mineral properties

A

chemical and physical

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31
Q

9 ways to identify minerals

A

color
streak
luster
hardness
specific gravity
crystal habit
cleavage
reaction to acid
special properties

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32
Q

describe using colors rule

A

don’t use one mineral to describe another

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33
Q

name of the hardness scale

A

mohs hardness scale

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34
Q

mohs hardness scale is directly linked to

A

atomic bond strenght

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35
Q

hard minerals can scratch

A

soft minerals

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36
Q

what is streak

A

a property where a mineral leaves a crushed powder on an unglazed porcelain plate

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37
Q

minerals leave a different streak than

A

their outward color

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38
Q

define luster

A

a property that refers to the way that a mineral surface scatters light

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39
Q

2 main subdivisions of luster

A

metallic and nonmetallic

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40
Q

specific gravity definition

A

the density of the mineral as defined by the ratio of the weight of a volume and the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees celcuis

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41
Q

what is hefting

A

lifting minerals in your hands to gain a sense of specific gravity

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42
Q

crystal habit refers to

A

the shape of a single crystal with well formed faces, or to an aggregate of many well formed crystals

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43
Q

List common geometric shapes that define crystal habit

A

cubic
prismatic bladed
platy
needle like
fibrous

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44
Q

list special properties

A

effervescence (reactivity with acid)
magnetism
taste
smell
feel
striations (grooves)
marking on paper

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45
Q

Mineral associated with effervescence

A

calcium carbonate

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46
Q

Minerals associated with magnetism

A

magnetite
pyrite
hematite

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47
Q

Mineral associated with taste

A

halite

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48
Q

Mineral associated with smell

A

sulfur

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49
Q

Mineral associated with feel

A

talc

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50
Q

Mineral associated with striations

A

plagioclase

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51
Q

Mineral associated with marking on paper

A

graphite

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52
Q

different minerals break in

A

different ways

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53
Q

what is cleavage

A

the tendency for a mineral to break along lattice planes with weaker atomic bonds

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54
Q

a mineral has cleavage if

A

it breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation

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55
Q

surface a mineral cleaves on is a

A

cleavage plane

56
Q

halite breaks into (shape)

A

cubes

57
Q

Calcite breaks into (shape)

A

rhombs

58
Q

cleavage planes may be hard to distinguish from

A

crystal faces

59
Q

minerals that have no lattice planes of weakness have _____ and will_____

A

bonds that are equally strong in all directions
fracture instead of cleave

60
Q

What are sulfides

A

metal cation to sulfide anion

61
Q

what is a sulfide anion

A

s2-

62
Q

pyrite group and formula

A

sulfides (fes2)

63
Q

galena group and formula

A

sulfides (Pbs)

64
Q

sulfides have

A

metallic luster and high specific gravity

65
Q

what are Oxides

A

metal cation oxygen anion

66
Q

what is an oxygen anion

A

O-

67
Q

Hematite group and formula

A

Fe2O3 Oxides

68
Q

Magnetite group and formula

A

Fe3O4 oxides

69
Q

hematite and Magnetite have a

A

dark, opaque, sub metallic to metallic luster

70
Q

what are halides

A

the anion is a halogen

71
Q

list Halide anions (halogens)

A

cl-
f-
I-
Br-

72
Q

Halite group and formula

A

halide NaCl

73
Q

fluoride group and formula

A

Caf2 Halide

74
Q

Halite special properties

A

Halite is a mineral that usually forms in arid climates where ocean water evaporates

75
Q

what are sulphates

A

metal cation sulfate anion

76
Q

what is sulfate

A

so4^2-

77
Q

sulfates often form by

A

precipitation out of water at or near the earths surface

78
Q

Gypsum group and formula

A

CaSO4*H20 sulfates

79
Q

Anhydrite group and formuka

A

CaSo4 sulfates

80
Q

what are carbonates

A

anion is carbonate Co3^2-

81
Q

Calcite group and formula

A

carbonates CaCo3

82
Q

dolomite group and formula

A

CaMg[co3]2

83
Q

carbonates properties

A

soft minerals that effervescence in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL)

84
Q

limestone is formed entirely out of

A

Calcite

85
Q

shells and corals are mainly formed from what group of mineral

A

carbonates

86
Q

what are native metals

A

Pure element (that is a metal)

87
Q

copper gold and silver group

A

native metals

88
Q

graphite diamond and sulfur group

A

native metals

89
Q

what are silicates

A

contain silicate anion

90
Q

silicate anion formula

A

SiO4^4-

91
Q

what percent of continental crust is silicates

A

95%

92
Q

7 groups /classes of minerals

A

sulfides
oxides
halides
sulfates
carbonates
native metals
silicates

93
Q

5 types of silicates

A

independent tetrahedra
single chain
double chain
sheet silicates
framework silicates

94
Q

the difference between the subgroups of silicates are based on the

A

arrangement of the silica tetrahedral
(how they share oxygen atoms)

95
Q

Independent tetrahedra share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _

A

0
1:4

96
Q

single chain silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _

A

2
1:3

97
Q

double chain silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _

A

2 or 3
2:7

98
Q

sheet silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _

A

3
2:5

99
Q

framework silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _

A

4
1:2

100
Q

Independent tetrahedra silicates are bonded by

A

cations

101
Q

Olivine and garnet silicate subgroup

A

independent tetrahedra

102
Q

does independent tetrahedra have cleavage

A

no bonds are equal in all directions

103
Q

pyroxene silicate subgroup

A

single chain

104
Q

strength of single chain silicates

A

very strong

105
Q

amphibole silicate subgroup

A

double chain

106
Q

in sheet silicates other elements

A

fit between the sheets

107
Q

sheet silicates cleave in what way

A

parallel to the sheets

108
Q

micah silicate subgroup

A

sheet silicates

109
Q

feldspar and quartz silicate subgroup

A

framework silicates

110
Q

in plagioclase and k feldspar contain

A

aluminum or other elements in the center of some tetrahdra

111
Q

clay minerals silicate subgroup

A

sheet silicates

112
Q

clay particles are soft and less than

A

4 micro meters large

113
Q

kaolinite and smentite subsubgroup

A

clay minerals

114
Q

kaolinite has a _ ratio of

A

1:1 TO
silicate (tetrahedral)
and aluminate (octahedral)

115
Q

Smentite has a _ ratio of

A

1:2 TOT
of silicate(tetrahedral)
aluminate (octahedral)
and water molecules/cations

116
Q

economic uses of halite

A

table salt
road salt
abundant

117
Q

economic uses of gypsum

A

wallboard and plaster
cement
agriculture
glass making
soft and easy to mine

118
Q

economic uses of magnetite

A

iron and magnetic material

119
Q

economic uses of galena

A

lead

120
Q

economic uses of graphite

A

pencils

121
Q

economic uses of garnet

A

very hard used as an abrasive in industrial applications

122
Q

5 mineral formation ways

A

solidification from a melt
precipitation in water
diffusion
biomineralization
precitipitation from gas

123
Q

solidification

A

freezing from melt
minerals grow as temperature drops
lava cooling on the surface
magma cooling underground

124
Q

precipitation in water

A

atoms, molecules or ions dissolved in water bind together and separate out

happens when water becomes saturated to a point at which the water can no longer maintain a buffer between them

chemical changes

125
Q

evaporation can induce

A

saturation

126
Q

what is diffusion

A

solid state diffusion is the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange in to a new crystal structure

slow process
high P and T

127
Q

what is Biomineralization

A

living organisms can cause minerals to precipitate

CaCO3

128
Q

precipitation from gas

A

minerals can precitipitate directly from gases around a volcanic vent

fumarole and sulfur

129
Q

Mineral checklist

A

naturally occurring
solid
inorganic
defineable chemical composition
crystal lattice

130
Q

is ice a minerals why

A

yes meets checlist

131
Q

is water a mineral why

A

no not solid no crystal lattice

132
Q

is plastic a mineral why

A

no only soliud

133
Q

is bricks a mineral why

A

no not naturally occurring

134
Q

is salt a mineral why

A

yes meets all

135
Q

is sugar a minerals why

A

no organic

136
Q

is glass a mineral why

A

no, lacking crystal lattice

GEOLOGY (12 decks)

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