B16 - Adaptations, Interdependence and Competition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What is a population

A
  • A group of organisms from the same species living in the same geographical area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a community

A
  • A group of different populations that live in the same habitat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

The interaction of a community of organisms with the abiotic factors in their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Different types of competition

A
  • Interspecific - between different species
  • Intraspecific - within the same species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Resources that plants compete for and why

A
  • Mineral ions - nitrates, magnesium, phosphates
  • Water - transport + photosynthesis
  • Light - for photosynthesis to make food
  • Space - to access all other resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What resources do animals compete with each other for

A
  • Food
  • Territory
  • Mates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is interdependence

A

Species depend on each other to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Forms of interdependence

A
  • Plants are pollinated by insects
  • Plants provide shelter
  • Animals eat plants/other animals (food)
  • Animals help disperse plant seeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a stable community

A
  • Where the species and environmental factors are balanced (biotic and abiotic)
  • This means populations sizes remain fairly constant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Different biotic (living) factors and how they affect organisms

A
  • Availability of food - lead to starvation
  • New predators - affects existing predators and prey
  • Competition - if a species is outcompeted it may go extinct
  • New pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Different abiotic (non-living) factors and how they affect organisms

A
  • Light intensity - plants + photosynthesis
  • Temperature - distribution change + photosynthesis
  • Water
  • pH and mineral ions
  • Wind intenisty - affects transpiration
  • CO2 and O2 - photosynthesis + respiration for aquatic animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do plants outcompete or cope with competition

A
  • Flowering early e.g. bluebells to get more light, mineral ions and water
  • Plants grow taller
  • Plants use other plants to grow e.g. ivy
  • Seed dispersal - gets offspring far away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Different types of seed dispersal

A
  • Wind
  • Animal
  • Water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are extremophiles adapted to extreme temps and high salt

A
  • Temp - enzymes with different optimum temps. Are usually archaea
  • Salt - have cytoplasms that don’t allow water so osmosis doesn’t affect them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Different types of adaptations

A
  • Structural - shape or colour
  • Functional - processes carried out
  • Behavioural - migration, tools
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plant necessities and how they are adapted

A
  • For photsynthesis - large leaves, lots of chloroplasts, stomata
  • Water + mineral ions - epiphytes, complex root systems
  • Pollination - bright colours, scents, nectar
17
Q

Examples of plant adaptations

A
  • Leaves - broad + thick cuticle, curled, spined, no leaves
  • Storing water - tissues that can store water (catcus, boabab trees)
  • Collecting water - wide toot systems, deep root system to get to aquifers
18
Q

How are camels adn other animals adapted to the hot and dry environment

A
  • Hump of fat - water can be made from fat, allows heat loss
  • Leathery mouth - to eat cacti
  • Kindeys reabsorb nearly all water - concentrated urine
  • Large SA:V
  • Active when cooler
19
Q

What does camoflague allow

A
  • Prey to hide from predators
  • Predators to sneak up on prey
20
Q

How are animals in cold climates adapted to their environment

A
  • Thick layer of fat - insulation
  • Thick fur - insulation
  • Small SA:V
21
Q

equation to find the total population size using a quadrat

A

total population size = total area/sample area x number of organisms in sample area

22
Q

What does quadrat sampling allow

A
  • Allows us to see the abudance of an organisms in a habitat or different areas
23
Q

What does transect sampling allow

A
  • How the distrubtion of an organsim changes as you move across a habitat
24
Q

How to carry out random sampling witha quadrat

A
  • Place 2 tape measures 90 degrees to each other over a habitat
  • Draw a grid of the sample area with each square being a 0.5 x 0.5 area and number each square to give it coordinates
  • Use a random number generator to select 10 squares
  • Place the 0.5 x 0.5 quadrat in one of the selected squares and record the number of organisms or the percentage of the quadrat covered by the organism
  • Repeat this for all other squares and calculate a mean
25
Q

How to invesitgate the distribution of a species across a habitat

A
  • Place a transect (tape measure) across the habitat
  • Place a quadrat at regular intervals on the same side of the transect
  • Count the number of organisms in each quadrat and see how i changes
  • The distrubution cna then be correlated with an environmental factor
26
Q

Why may removing a species from an ecosystem make it unstable

A
  • There is interdependence between species. This means that species rely on other species for food, shelyer, pollination or seed dispersal
  • Removing a species could remove a key predator or prey which could fluctuate the population sizes leading the ecosystem to become unstable