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Biology > B10 - The human nervous system > Flashcards

B10 - The human nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance and control of the body’s internal environment to maintain optimum conditions to respond to changes in the environments

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2
Q

Examples of internal conditions that need to be controlled (4)

A
  • pH
  • blood glucose conc.
  • water
  • temperature
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3
Q

What does the nervous system allow

A

Allows humans to react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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4
Q

What are receptors

A

Cells that detect changes (stimuli) in the internal and external environments

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5
Q

What are coordiantion centres

A

Areas that receive and process info from the receptors. They also send signals and coordinate responses

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6
Q

Examples of coordination centres

A

Brain, spinal cord, pancreas

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7
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles or glands that carry out a response to a stimulus

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8
Q

What is a reflex and why are they important

A

They are automatic and rapid as they dont involve the conscious part of the brain.

This allows the body to avoid harm

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9
Q

How is a signal sent across a synapse?

A
  • electrical impulse triggers release of chemical neurotransmitters
  • These diffuse across the synapse
  • Once across, they set up another electrical impulse
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10
Q

Give a detailed explanation of a reflex arc

A
  • Receptor detecs stimulus and sets up & sends an impulse along the sensory neurone to the CNS
  • Relay neurone (in CNS) is snynapsed with sensory and motor neurones
  • Impulse along sensory neurone releases neurotransmitters which set up an impulse in the relay neurone
  • This happens again between the relay and motor neurones
  • Impulse travels along motor neurone to effector which carries out a response
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11
Q

What does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Consciousness, language, intelligence and memory

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12
Q

What does the cerebellum control

A

Controls balance and muscle activity

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13
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

Unconscious activities e.g. breathing and heartbeat

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14
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

Body temperature and release of some hormones (e.g. ADH) from the pituitary gland

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15
Q

What does the pituitary gland control

A

Known as the master gland, it controls many body systems by producing and storing many hormones

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16
Q

Problems with the brain that make brain issues hard to resolve

A
  • The brain is delicate
  • Not everything isknown about the brain
  • Blood brain barrier makes drug delivery harder
  • Surgery could cause unintended damage
17
Q

Outline what happens in your eyes when a bright light is switched on

A
  • Circular muscles contract
  • Radial muscles relax
  • Pupil constrics
  • Less light enters eyes
18
Q

Outline what happens to your eyes when entering a dark area

A
  • Circular muscles relax
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Pupil dilates
  • More light enters eyes
19
Q

What is accomodation

A

The process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects

20
Q

Describe the process of accomodation for distant objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Suspensory ligaments taught
  • Lens is flat and thin as less refraction is required
21
Q

Describe the process of accomodation for close objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Suspensory ligaments loosen
  • Lens is thicker and more curved (convex)

This is due to light rays from a close object being divergent meaning the lens has to refract light more

22
Q

How is myopia caused and where is the image formed

A
  • Eyeball is too long or lens is too curved
  • Image is ‘formed’ infront of the retina
23
Q

How is myopia fixed

A

Glasses with concae lenses

24
Q

How is hyperopia caused and where is the image formed

A
  • Lens is too flat or eyeball is too short
  • The image is ‘formed’ behind the retina
25
Q

How is hyperopia fixed?

A

Glasses with convex lenses

26
Q

Why are contact lenses a common fix for eye problems

Advantages of contacts basically

A
  • Versatile - can be soft + disposable or hard + long lasting
  • Offers freedom
27
Q

How does laser eye surgery fix myopia and hyperopia

A
  • Myopia - reduces thickness of cornea so less refraction
  • Hyperopia - reshapes cornea to increase refraction

Biology (19 decks)

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