B2 Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the body?

A

cells –> tissues –> organs –> organ system

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2
Q

What do teeth do?

A

break down food mechanically. Saliva contains the enzyme Amylase.

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3
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that chemically break down food.

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4
Q

What does the liver do?

A

produced bile which is stored in the gall bladder before going to the small intestine. Bile EMULSIFIES LIPIDS to form droplets, increasing their surface area.

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5
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

secretes amylase which breaks down STARCH to GLUCOSE in the small intestine.

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6
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed into the blood stream.

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7
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

nutrients like glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream by the Villi.

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8
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that break down molecules.

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9
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
e.g. amylase breaks down starch to glucose.

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10
Q

what does protease do?

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids.

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11
Q

what do lipases do?

A

break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

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12
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

Enzymes are specific. Substrates bind to a specific active site.

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13
Q

How is the rate of reaction of enzymes altered?

A

Activity increases with temperature until the enzyme denatures (active site changes shape). pH can also affect rate of reaction.

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14
Q

What is used to identify starch?

A

Iodine (turns from orange to black).

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15
Q

What is used to identify sugars?

A

Benedict’s solution (turns blue to orange).

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16
Q

What is used to identify proteins?

A

Biuret’s (turns blue to purple).

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17
Q

What is used to identify lipids/fats?

A

Cold Ethanol (turn clear to cloudy).

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18
Q

How does the respiratory system work?

A

Trachea –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> alveoli

19
Q

How does the heart work?

A

deoxygenated blood enters through vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery (to lungs) –> oxygenated blood comes back into heart through Pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta (to body)

20
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heat. They have thick walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressures.

21
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood back to the heart. Thin walls and wide lumen, valves to prevent backflow.

22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

one cell think walls to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells.

23
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A

CHD is when the Coronary artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked by fatty material. It can cause heart attacks.

24
Q

What are stents?

A

Stents can be used to open up a vessel which is blocked by fatty buildup.

25
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs that help reduce cholesterol and these fatty deposits that can occur.

26
Q

What does blood carry?

A

Blood carries red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (help with clotting blood).

27
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases which are caused by a pathogen and can be passed on to other people/things. E.g. Flu, cold.

28
Q

What are non-communicable dieases?

A

Non-communicable diseases comes from inside the body and cannot be passed on. E.g. cancers, CHD.

29
Q

What can increase risk of diabetes?

A

obesity and poor diet.

30
Q

What can increase risk of heart diseases?

A

diet, smoking and lack of exercise.

31
Q

What can increase risk of liver disease?

A

alcohol.

32
Q

What can increase risk of lung disease/cancer?

A

smoking.

33
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

Anything which increases the risk of cancer. E.g. ionising radiation.

34
Q

What is cancer?

A

Damaged cells which divide uncontrollably.

35
Q

What is benign cancer?

A

Cancer which does not spread throughout the body.

36
Q

What is malignant cancer?

A

Cancer which spreads to other parts of the body.

37
Q

What organs do plants have?

A

Leaves, xylem, flower, meristem, roots and phloem.

38
Q

What are xylem cells?

A

continuous tubes that carry water and dissolved mineral ions upwards. Transpiration -Unidirectional.

39
Q

What are phloem cells?

A

Tubes of cells that carry sugars and other nutrients to where they are needed. Translocation - bidirectional.

40
Q

How can the rate of transpiration be changed?

A

increase temp, decrease humidity and increasing air movement.

41
Q

What are nitrate ions?

A

Nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis. A deficiency causes stunted growth.

42
Q

What is Chlorosis?

A

Magnesium ions. If there is a deficiency you will see yellow leaves, stunted growth due to a lack of chloroplasts.

43
Q

what makes up the structure of a leaf?

A

waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, lower epidermis, stomata, guard cells.