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History of European Colonization > Africa > Flashcards

Africa Flashcards

1
Q

Europeans before the early 19th c (3)

A

A) Portuguese colonies
Congo, Zanzibar, Mombasa
Some lost to Omani Arabs

B) Cape colony
1652: Dutch
1795-1802/06: British

C) West Africa
Gold, Slave trade, ivory

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2
Q

Why Africa colonized so late? (2)

A

A) No navigable rivers
Rapids, waterfalls
Vs Carribbean islands, Mississippi

B) White man’s grave: malaria
Invention of quinine

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3
Q

Algeria: the conquest (2)

A

A) Precolonial
Since 1517: part of the Ottoman empire
Quite autonomous

B) The French occupation of Algeria
1827: the fan affair
1830: conquest (to boost Charles X’s prestige)
Permanent occupation under Louis-Philippe (competition with Britain)

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4
Q

Algeria: the rule (2)

A

A) Popular resistance
Abd al-Qadir (ruled 2/3 of the territory in 1830s & 40s)
After 1852: French military rule

B) Part of France
Three departments: Algiers, Oran, Constantine
Settlers: pieds-noirs (1/10)

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5
Q

Tunisia (3)

A

A) 1574 Ottoman
Since 1705: great autonomy

B) 1878: awarded to France
After Russo-Turkish war
French hesitancy

C) 1881: French protectorate
After German & British pressure

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6
Q

Egypt (2)

A

A) Growing political independence from Ottomans
Muhammad Ali fills vacuum after French campaign
Successors: Pasha Said, Ismail

B) Growing economic dependence on Europe
Economic integration & modernization (cotton)
Suez canal (built by French)
Public infrastructure financed with loans

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7
Q

The veiled protectorate (4)

A

A) Growing debts
1875: Egypt sold its share in the Suez canal to Britain
1876: Bankruptcy

B) 1876: Caisse de la Dette Publique
French-British condominium

C) 1881: Islamic insurrection of Ahmed Arabi
Britain crushes the rebellion

D) 1882: veiled protectorate of Britain

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8
Q

Sudan (2)

A

A) Conquered by Egypt
Muhammad Ali: Northern & central Sudan
Ismail: Darfur & South Sudan
British: almost reached lake victoria

B) The Mahdi empire
1881: Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself Mahdi
1883: conquest of territory in Sudan
1884: Gordon heads for the defence of Khartoum
1885: fall of Khartoum & death of Gordon

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9
Q

David Livingstone (3)

A

A) 1841: as a missionary in South Africa

B) 1853-64: travels along the Zambezi

C) 1865ff: search for the source of the Nile

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10
Q

Henry Morton Stanley (3)

A

A) In search of Livingstone

B) Trans-Africa exploration

C) 1879ff: return to the Congo in service of Leopold II

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11
Q

Leopold II (2)

A

A) Belgium: disinterest in colonies
More industry than trade
No navy
Neutrality

B) Leopold II: obsession with colonies
Attempts in the Philippines, Borneo
As a private person & with his own capital
Initially: science & philanthropy

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12
Q

Savorgnan de Brazza (4)

A

A) 1875-78: exploration of Ogoué & Alima

B) 1879: Upper Congo
1880: treaties with local rulers for France

C) 1882: Paris ratifies treaties
Gabon & Congo-Brazzaville

D) Leopold II: similar tactics on a larger scale
Association internationale du Congo
Stanley: tribal chiefs transfer power to AIC

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13
Q

Leopold & the European powers (3)

A

A) Britain (>< France)
Recognizes Portuguese sovereignty of Congo estuary

B) Leopold II
Launches concept of Free State to please the British
Gives Paris droit de preference

C) Germany (>< British)
Invites European diplomats to Berlin

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14
Q

Conference of Berlin (4)

A

A) 1884/85

B) official agreements
Free trade on the Congo river
General principles of territorial appropriation

C) Recognition of Congo Free State

D) Myth: Division of Africa

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15
Q

White settlement in SA (4)

A

A) 1652ff: Agents of the VOC
Way-station at the Cape
Agriculture, employment of slaves

B) The rise of the Cape colony
Cities: Cape Town, Stellenbosch
Farmers move north & east
Kafir (frontier) wars

C) Only settler colony in Africa exc. Algeria
National identity: Afrikaans, Boers

D) 1795-1802: British takeover

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16
Q

Disintegration of SA (3)

A

A) 1835-37: Groot trek
Zulu war
1838: defeat of the Zulu

B) Creation of Boer republics
Natal: 1843 annexed by British
Landlocked ones accepted

C) Cape colony
1872 responsible government
New Kafir wars

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17
Q

The first Boer war (2)

A

A) 1877: annexation of Transvaal

B) 1880-81: First Boer war
Boer’s victory under Paul Kruger
London recognizes independence of Transvaal

18
Q

Germans in South Africa (3)

A

A) Southwest Africa
Adolf Franz Lüderitz (business)
Purchases Lüderitz bay from Khoi

B) Berlin
Promises support to Lüderitz with British permission
1884: Reichsschutz & protectorate

C) Southeast Africa
German exploration in 1884
But Britain annexes Santa Lucia Bay

19
Q

Discovery of gems (2)

A

A) 1867: Diamonds near Vaal river (Kimberley)
Disputed area, annexed by British

B) 1884: Gold bear Witwatersrand
Transvaal’s transformation
From agriculture to industry
From white to multiethnic

20
Q

The Cape colony’s reaction (2)

A

A) Challenges
Transvaal (powerful, transforming)
German ambitions (Danger of German-Boer alliance)

B) Response: expansion to the north (1884-84)
South Bechuanaland
North Bechuanaland

21
Q

Cecil Rhodes (3)

A

A) Businessman
1871 to SA, master in merging

B) Politician
1884ff deputy-commissioner Bechuanaland
1890-95 prime minister of the Cape colony

C) Conquistador: British South Africa company
1888: treaty with Lobengula
1890: with pioneers through Zambesia (Rhodesia)

22
Q

The annexation of Rhodesia

A

Consequences:
Transvaal: cut from sea & German SWA
Portugal: no costa to costa
Britain: project from Cape to Cairo

23
Q

The second Boer war (3)

A

A) Unequal battle?
Britain: initially 35k then 500k troops
Boers: 100k men

B) First successes for Boers
Battle of Spion Kop
European sympathy with Boers

C) But: determination to win in Britain
Siege of Mafeking

24
Q

The British victory against boers (3)

A

A) 1900: British annex Boer republics

B) 1901-02: Boer’s guerilla war & British atrocities
Living hostages, barbed wire, executions
Concentration camps
Civil protest in Britain

C) 1902: Peace of Pretoria

25
Q

SA in the 20th C (4)

A

A) Responsible government
Integration of Boer republics

B) Dominion
1910: Union of SA

C) Independence 1931

D) 1948-90: Apartheid

26
Q

Geography & history of EA (3)

A

A) Inland: plateau around great lakes

B) Coast: part of the Indian ocean (Arab trade)
17th c retaken by Omani Arabs from Portuguese

C) Zanzibar: emporium of Afro-Asiatic trade
1840: seat of Omani imam

27
Q

Europeans in EA (2)

A

A) Interests
Historical: esp Portugal
Economic: esp Britain & Germany
Strategic: esp Britain

B) Expeditions
Carl Peters 1884
Search of Emin Pasha

28
Q

Treaties of EA (2)

A

A) Following Berlin conference
1885: Sultan of Zanzibar forced to recognize
1886: division into British & German & Portuguese EA

B) Following tension about Equatoria & Uganda
1890: Zanzibar Helgoland treaty
-> Uganda to Britain; border with Congo to Germany
-> Zanzibar to Britain; Helgoland to Germany

29
Q

Pacification of EA (3)

A

A) Germans
1888-1902: 84 huge military operations
1905-06: Maji Maji war

B) Britain
1894-1914: 50 battles in Kenya, followed by penal expeditions

C) French
Two Franco-Hova wars

30
Q

Importance of the upper Nile (4)

A

A) Britain: protection of Egypt
Control of: irrigation, flood, reclamation
Cape to Cairo

B) France: emotional ties
Hangovers after defeat of Napoleon 1882
Sudan as the second Sédan
Dakar to Djibouti

C) Germany & Italy: regional ambitions

D) Leopold II: connection of Congo & Nile

31
Q

The Horn of Africa (2)

A

A) Division of Somaliland
Britain: British Somaliland
France: Djibouti
Italy: Eritrea & Italian Somalia

B) Ethiopia: much stronger
United by Coptic church
Rich history
Ethiopian empire: 1137-1974

32
Q

Menelik II (3)

A

A) Stops Italian ambitions
Refuses Italian protectorate
1896 defeats Italy near Adwa

B) Strikes up friendship with France

C) Jolts Britain awake
Fears French-Ethiopian alliance
1896: Britain invades Sudan

33
Q

French reaction to British invasion of Sudan (3)

A

A) Jean-Baptiste Marchand’s raid to Faschoda

B) Plan
Congo to Nile

C) Expedition
A lot of textile, beads, wine as presents to local chiefs
2 years
Defeats mahdists & establishes French protectorate

34
Q

British victory in Sudan (2)

A

A) Reconquest of Sudan
With an army

B) Consequences
Marchand returns home
Sudan becomes an English-Egyptian condominium
Menelik unifies Ethiopia
End to French-British rivalry
1904: Entente Conrdiale

35
Q

Background WA (3)

A

A) Early European presence
Gold & slaves

B) New ambitions
Palm oil
Territorial expansion

C) Strong resistance
Historical tradition
Islam
Strong states

36
Q

Multi-European presence (6)

A

A) Portugal
Guinea-Bissau

B) Spain
Equatorial guinea

C) Britain
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Nigeria

D) France
Senegal
Ivory coast
Benin
Guinea

E) US
Liberia

F) Germany
Togo
Kamerun

37
Q

Unifying French colonies (2)

A

A) Afrique occidentale française
1890 & 1898: treaties with Britain

B) New ambition: AOF with rest
Algeria: granted in 1890
Djibouti: failed at Faschoda
Afrique-Équatoriale française:
Gabon & Congo, then CAR, then Chad

38
Q

European interests in Morocco (5)

A

A) Spain
Close, Ceuta

B) Britain
Gibraltar

C) France
Algeria

D) Germany
Prestige

E) Italy
Frustrated after Adwa

39
Q

European penetration in Morocco (2)

A

A) Similar developments as Tunisia, Egypt
Growing economic dependence
Growing political interference

B) Different outcomes
Equal trade opportunities maintained for all
Territorial integrity preserved

40
Q

First Moroccan crisis (3)

A

A) German concerns
Entente Cordiale
French attempts to establish protectorate

B) War?
1905: Kaiser visits Tangier
Military threat to challenge Entente

C) 1906: Algeciras conference
Britain supports France
Spanish & French officers in Morocco

41
Q

Second Morocco crisis (2)

A

A) 1911: rebellion against sultan Abdelhafid
France intervenes
Spain conquers Larache
Germany intimidates, sends warship to Agadir

B) 1912:
Sultan abdicates
France establishes protectorate over Morocco
Germany receives Neukamerun
Spain receives territory in north and south

History of European Colonization (7 decks)

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