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History of European Colonization > Tools Of Empire > Flashcards

Tools Of Empire Flashcards

1
Q

Power centers (2)

A

A) Metropole
Secretary of state, ministers, …
Little representation

B) Colony
Governor
Armies
Little representation

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2
Q

Representation in India (4)

A

A) 1858, 1892, 1909: Legislative & executive councils

B) 1882: Municipal council act

C) 1921: Provincial governments

D) 1935: autonomy to provinces
1937: one in 6 Indians can participate in elections

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3
Q

Much variety in rule (4)

A

A) Direct and indirect rule
Esp GB

B) Assimilation & association
Esp France

C) Military rule
Esp Germany & Italy

D) Segregation
Esp Belgium

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4
Q

Indirect rule (2)

A

A) Local rulers remain on the throne
Minor competences
Not: army, taxes, foreign policy
Sided and controlled by British advisor
Mainly in less strategic regions

B) Advantages
Power without responsibility
Cheaper & loyal elite
Legitimation:
“Respect” for local traditions

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5
Q

Indirect rule in BI (2)

A

A) BI
Double government under Clive of India -> nawab (puppet)
By 1857: ~580 princes

B) Also in other colonies

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6
Q

Indirect rule elsewhere (3)

A

A) Belgian Congo
Only symbolical

B) Dutch East Indies
Batavia
Yogyakarta

C) French Indochina

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7
Q

Assimilation (3)

A

A) What?
Turn colonized into French citoyens of color

B) Why?
French revolution: universalism
Napoleon: Centralism
Hangovers after 1815 & 1870

C) When & where?
Esp 19th c vielles colonies

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8
Q

Association (2)

A

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

B) Why?
Other colonies
Social Darwinism, racism

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9
Q

Association (2)

A

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

B) Why?
Other colonies
Social Darwinism, racism

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10
Q

Divide and rule (3)

A

A) Enforcing existing inequalities, conflicts within one colony
Eg. Ethnic, religious
Categorization of people, cannot move from one category to another
Created hierarchies of ethnicities

B) Siding with minorities
Governance, eg tutsis
Military, eg Sikhs (martial races)

C) Creating division & weakness

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11
Q

Violence (2)

A

A) Military superiority
Gunboats, maxim gum

B) Wars & destruction
E.g. Herero genocide

C) Repression everywhere

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12
Q

Diseases (4)

A

A) Several diseases
Smallpox, measles, leprosy

B) Sometimes deliberate genocide
Hispaniola, Tasmania

C) Sometimes collateral damage
No immunity
Malaria in India facilitated by irrigation systems

D) Amnesia & selective memories

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13
Q

Famines (2)

A

A) Examples in British India
Bengal famine 1770, 10mio dead
Great famine 1876
Indian famine 1899
Bengal famine 1943

B) Not only due to climate, but also to colonialism
Indifferent attitudes of colonial administration
High taxation

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14
Q

Rulers at home (3)

A

A) Colonial party

B) Advocates for colonialism

C) More reluctant politicians

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15
Q

Rulers oversea (2)

A

A) Nobles
Lord George Curzon
Viceroy -> foreign secretary

B) Soldiers career
Herbert Kitchener
Joseph Gallieni
Hubert Lyautey

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16
Q

Masculinity (2)

A

A) A male business
Moustaches & uniforms
Safari costumes
Local dresses

B) But
Men only?
Heroic individuals?

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17
Q

Men only? (4)

A

A) female pioneers
Mary Kingsley, Gertrude Bell

B) Female colonizers
Wives, nuns

C) General features
Greater freedom than at home
Better contact with indigenous

D) Female freedom fighters
Lalla Fatma N’Soumer

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18
Q

Heroic individuals? (2)

A

A) Individuals?
Role of indigenous people
-> Stanley & 350 indigenous

B) Heroic?
Violence
Drugs
Sexual practices

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19
Q

Sexual practices (2)

A

A) Homo-eroticism
Stanley’s problems with women
Rhodes’ notorious homosexuality
Baden-Powell & Kenneth McLarren
Pederasts: Hector MacDonald

B) Prostitution
Widespread in colonies
STDs

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20
Q

Obsession with the exotic nude (2)

A

A) Fascination
Role of photography
E.g. Tahiti, Bali

B) Eroticization
Wild, primitive, naked -> sexually available
Polygamy -> alleged free love

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21
Q

Initially: male bachelors (3)

A

A) Restriction oof emigration of European women

B) Officially: physical hazards of life in tropics

C) In reality: economic reasons
Transportation, repatriation, …

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22
Q

Concubinage with local women (3)

A

A) Tolerance and promotion of extramarital relations

B) European men in better health
Vs. Prostitution
From ill health sexual abstention was thought to bring

C) Other advantages
Fewer financial & emotional demands
Useful as guides & domestic servants

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23
Q

Regulated relations (3)

A

A) Arguments:
Political & economic
Male & sexual

B) Regarding European women
Bachelors preferred by VOC
…

C) Regarding local women
Prohibiting men from returning with native wives & kid

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24
Q

Consequences of concubinage (2)

A

A) For societal structure
Reinforcement of social & racial hierarchies
More men than women

B) For locals
Women: dependent
Men: in competition
Children: mixed

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25
Q

Late 19th c: white women (3)

A

A) Following technological possibilities

B) General narrative: women introduced segregation
Bc hygiene (Advised by male doctors)

C) Paranoia
White women need to be protected from wild natives
Rape laws: race-specific

26
Q

Missionaries: from the very begining (2)

A

A) Europeans in Asia:
Jordanus de Severac (Kollam 1321)
John de Marignolli (China, India, Japan 1338)
Saint Francis Xavier (India, Japan 1541)

B) Portuguese in Congo:
1491: King of Kongo converted to Christianity

27
Q

Decline of missionaries: 18th C (2)

A

A) Enlightenment
1773: suppression of Jesuits

B) In the colonies
British India: fascination with local culture
Rousseau: noble savage

28
Q

Missionary revival: 19th C (4)

A

A) New congregations

B) Commerce & industrial revolution

C) Abolitionism

D) Social Darwinism

29
Q

Fascination to civilization (India) (2)

A

A) Imposed English

B) Fought barbaric customs
E.g. Sati

30
Q

New Catholic institutions (2)

A

A) Scheut est. 1862
Théophile Verbist
China, Mongolia, Philippines, Congo

B) Pères Blancs est. 1868
Lavigerie: Archbishop of Algiers & Carthage

31
Q

Women and missions (3)

A

A) Wives of protestant missionaries

B) Missionary nuns

C) Gradually majority of foreign missionaries
From 1840s in BI
From 1930s in Congo

32
Q

Missionary activities (3)

A

A) Religion

B) Social work
Hospitals, dispensaries
Orphanages, beggars homes

C) Science & education
Village schools
Industrial schools
Agricultural projects
Printing & publishing

33
Q

Variety e.g. education (3)

A

A) State or church?
France: public schools
GB, Belgium, Germany: subsidized missions

B) Mass or elite?
India: Anglicization of elite
Congo: widespread primary education

C) European or indigenous languages?
France: assimilation
Belgium: differentialism

34
Q

Missionary success (2)

A

A) little success in Hindu, Buddhist or Islamic areas

B) Strong impact on regions with poor population

35
Q

Positive & negative effects of missions(2)

A

A) positive:
Health care, education
Against inequity, discrimination

B) negative:
Religious conversion
Imposition of European languages & views
Racism & inferiority complex
Sexual abuse

36
Q

Missionaries imperial? (2)

A

A) Coordinated imperial government policies
E.g. education in Congo

B) Not always in line with states
Before and after colonialism
Outside colonial territory
Non-colonialist nations

37
Q

Slave trade (2)

A

A) Atlantic triangle:
Europe - Africa: copper, cloth, beads, guns
Africa - America: slaves
America - Europe: sugar, rum, cotton, gold, tobacco

B) 11m slaves

38
Q

Abolitionism (3)

A

A) Sources
Religious minorities
Enlightenment & French revolution
American independence war

B) First mass movement
Clapham Sect

C) Abolition:
Britain 1833, France 1848, Netherlands 1863, US 1863, Brazil 1888

39
Q

Freed slave states (2)

A

B) Sierra Leone: a colony
1807: Britain releases freed slave in Freetown

C) Liberia: an independent country
1821: Monrovia for freed American slaves
1847: Republic of Liberia

40
Q

The land (2)

A

A) Different views:
Europeans: terra nullis -> right to ownership
Indigenous: custodians of the land

B) Different uses
Gathering vs. Cultivation
Taxes

41
Q

Land taxes in BI (3)

A

A) Zamindari system (north; 1793)
Moghal tax collectors were given property rights
Aim: loyal landowners
But: misuse and oppression

B) Raiyatvari system (south; 18**)
Peasants pay taxes directly
Aim: create close connection to british
But: oppression by tax collectors

C) Sedentarization
Nomads as criminal tribes

42
Q

Gathering vs. Plantations (2)

A

A) Gathering:
Early period
Ivory, timber, rubber, palm oil

B) Plantations:
Early: Carribbean
Indochina: rice, maize, rubber
East Indies: coffee, indigo, sugar
BI: tea, opium

43
Q

Labor migration (2)

A

A) New systems after Abolition
Day laborers
Indentured labor (contracted labor without salary)

B) Migration of Chinese & Indians
Population increase
Ethnic diversity

44
Q

The culture system (3)

A

A) Dutch East Indies 1840-70

B) Compelling peasants to cultivate government export crops on a fifth of their land or work 66 days a year

C) Extremely lucrative

45
Q

After the culture system (3)

A

A) Criticism
Imposed by force
Stagnation, no incentive to innovate
No access to capital market for natives

B) Liberal period (1870-1901)
Agriculture open to private and corporate plantations

C) Ethnical policy (1901-30) (failed)
Civilizing mission
Social, economic, political “development”

46
Q

Mineral extraction (2)

A

A) Mining
Quick fortunes
Helps pay for infrastructure

B) Little industry
Colonies are export markets

47
Q

Minerals in Belgian Congo (3)

A

A) Rich soil (Katanga)
Copper, cobalt, diamond, uranium

B) Huge mining companies
Forminière
UMHK

C) Also built infrastructure
Political administration & police force
-> state in state

48
Q

Minerals in India (3)

A

A) No interest from European investors

B) Indian tradition af artisan skills
Profited from British infrastructure

C) Indian owned plants
Tata iron & steel works

49
Q

Petrol in the middle East (2)

A

A) Discoveries around 1900
Sumatra, Persia
Internal combustion engine

B) Oil companies
Anglo-Persian oil company 1908 -> bp
Royal Dutch Petroleum company 1890 -> shell
Seven sisters: America

50
Q

Waterways (3)

A

A) Rivers as first highways

B) River canals
E.g. Ganges canal: transport & irrigation

C) Sea canals
Suez canal 1869: French project
Halved distance to India, many died
Panama canal 1914: US

51
Q

Railways (2)

A

A) Variety
India: dense
Congo: short & in service of mineral export

B) Great Investment
Private companies & government
Railway stations: palaces

52
Q

Air transport (2)

A

A) Imperial airways 1924
1927: Cairo-Basra, 1932: Cairo-Cape town

B) KLM 1919
1924: Amsterdam-Batavia
1930: passenger service

53
Q

Communication (3)

A

A) Post
1840: Penny post UK
1854: Penny post BI

B) Telegraph 1837
1851: First line in Bengal
1870: submarine cable to India

C) Radio
1912 onwards

54
Q

Science & colonization (3)

A

A) S -> C
Effective exploitation of resources
Effective control of the colonized

B) C -> S
New data
New research questions

C) -> institutionalization of tropical sciences

55
Q

E.g. Geography (2)

A

A) Need: practical guides
Capacity: travel & instruments

B) Mapping the world
1802-1841: Great trigonometrical survey of India

56
Q

Subjectivity of Geography (2)

A

A) Metaphors of power
E.g. center, size, …

B) Instruments of rule
E.g. borders -> random
Non-european views: fluid borders, nomads

57
Q

Anthropology (4)

A

A) Knowledge

B) Power & control
Dealing with population

C) Classification
Creating ethnicities & languages

D) Racism
Measuring physical appearance
Hierarchy

58
Q

Indigenous people on display (2)

A

A) Places
Zoos
Performances
Villages on world fairs

B) Involved people
Carl Hagenbeck
Saartje Baartman (Khoi slave with large buttock & elongated inner labia)

59
Q

Transformation if the landscape (3)

A

A) Clearance of forests

B) Reasons
Revenue: timber
Agricultural & pastoral purposes

C) Economic progress?
Profits for Europe
Commercial crops

60
Q

Hunting (3)

A

A) Great numbers, endangered species (tiger)

B) Different reasons
Indigenous: food
Europeans: sport

C) Changing attitude
First: concern for conservation of species
Now: indignance about poachers

61
Q

Cities (3)

A

A) Old
Local roots of urban development

B) New
Segregation
Urban laboratories for modernity

C) Variety
French: less planning & segregation
British: residential segregation
Belgians: thorough segregation

62
Q

Architecture (2)

A

A) Variety

B) Mixed styles
Orientalism & imagination

History of European Colonization (7 decks)

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