Foundations of Linguistics

Question 1

made up to 2 forms (words, phrases, sentences) that differ in meaning, containing the same number of sound segments, & display only one phonetic difference, which occurs at the same place in the form (cat & pat)

Answer 1

Minimal Pair

Question 2

overall pitch of an utterance, sometimes represented by a line drawn over the utterance that traces the change in pitch

Answer 2

Intonation Contour

Question 3

different intonation contours change the syntactic function of sentences that are otherwise the same

Answer 3

Intonation Language

Question 4

In English, a change in pitch contour of a sentence has a syntactic function & a semantic function. Ex- His name is Harry- Can be a question, statement, explanation, etc

Answer 4

Pitch Contour

Question 5

pitch difference in the same string of phones will change the meaning of that string

Answer 5

Tone Language

Question 6

specific change in pitch that functions in tonal languages to distinguish words that are made up of the same segments

Answer 6

Tone

Question 7

bound morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of a word.

Answer 7

Derivational Morphemes

Question 8

Honorary-
honor is a free morpheme with a definable morpheme
but -ARY would be hard to define. Its function is clear. It changes the noun HONOR into the adjective HONORARY

Answer 8

Free Morpheme

Question 9

bound morphemes that do not change the essential meaning or lexical category of a word. They change the grammatical functions (other than the lexical category).

Answer 9

Inflectional Morpheme

Question 10

set of rules a person uses to form units of language larger than words. The term syntax also refers to the study of those rules.

Answer 10

Syntax

Question 11

Acquiring a language involves learning how sentences are constructed & how sentences are related to each other.

Question 12

A predictable combination of words. Ex- we can say heavy rain, but not strong rain b/c it does not sound right. Can be made up of any kinds of words such as verbs, nouns, adverbs & adjectives

Answer 12

Collocation

Question 13

Words that have similar meanings & share the same semantic properties

Answer 13

Synonyms

Question 14

Words that sound the same but differ in meaning & spelling

Answer 14

Homophones

Question 15

Utterances in which there is a contradiction between the meaning of the parts of the utterance & the entire utterance. EX- kick the bucket, buy the far, bite the big one, sleep with the fishes

Answer 15

Idioms

Question 16

Study of the sound system of a language; what sounds are in a language & what the rules are for combining those sounds into larger units. Also refer to the study of the sounds systems of all language, including universal rules of sound.

Answer 16

Phonology

Question 17

Study of the structure & classification of words & the units that make up words

Answer 17

Morphology

Question 18

Smallest units of meaning. This means that ___ cannot be broken down further & remain meaningful.
EX- “cat” cannot be broken down further into other smaller meaningful units for which the separate parts equal the meaning of the original word “cat”

Answer 18

Morphemes

Question 19

Study of rules of meaning; the systems by which we derive meaning from a message.
Study of meaning of linguistic expressions, such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses & sentences.
Meaning of expressions divorced from the context in which these utterances are produced & from various characteristics of the sender or receiver of the message.

Answer 19

Semantics

Question 20

Study of the effect of context on meaning

Answer 20

Pragmatics

Question 20

SEMANTICS:
“Your dog is barking.”–
The referent is a particular “dog” & the referent of “your” is a particular person whose dog is being referenced

Question 20

Similar words in 2 or more different languages that were derived from a similar root language & may have similar meanings.
EX- school in English & escuela in Spanish; student in English & estudiante in Spanish

Answer 20

Cognates

Question 20

Study of the effect of context on meaning

Answer 20

Pragmatics

Question 21

SEMANTICS
“A dog is a good pet for a family with children.”–
The referent “dog” is the concept of a typical dog. The mental image that the typical English speaker has in mind when the word “dog” is spoken.

Question 22

The extended meaning of a word or phrase that, in context, clarifies the referent.

Answer 22

Sense

Question 23

“Dr. Cox is our resident archeologist.”
“Dr. Cox” & the phrase “our resident archeologist” refers to the same person; therefore they have the same concrete referent.

Answer 23

But the SENSE of each phrase is different. Its not like saying, “Dr. Cox is Dr. Cox.” or “Our resident archeologist is our resident archeologist.”

Question 24

“He is the teacher of the class.”
The words “he, teacher & class” in this sentence have concrete referents. The words “is, the, of” have no referent & conjure up no mental image.
Their meaning, or rather their usage, tells us about the relationship of one word to another.

Answer 24

Personal pronouns have concrete referents when they are used in a sentence.
But those personal pronouns are SHIFTING REFERENTS, which are different for each speaker & each sentence.

Question 25

Information in an utterance about the social identify of a speaker. Tells us more about the information about the speaker than the referent

Answer 25

Social Meaning

Question 26

People often consciously & deliberately consider the social meaning of their speech when they change from on manner of speaking to another, according to their circumstances, in order to give an appropriate impression.

Answer 26

Code Switching

Question 27

Conveys the emotions of the speaker

Answer 27

Affective Meaning

Question 28

a misunderstanding in communication that happens between interlocutors. due to problems in the use of language, especially by foreign language speakers.

Answer 28

Pragmatic Failure

Question 29

The cultural expectations that guide people when they are conversing

Answer 29

Maxims of Conversation

Question 30

The basis for the maxims of conversations & assumes that each person is trying in good faith to communicate & understand

Answer 30

Cooperative Principle

Question 31

The speaker will say neither more nor less than is required

Answer 31

Maxim of Quantity

Question 32

The speaker will say only what he or she believes to be the truth

Answer 32

Maxim of Quality

Question 33

The speaker will say only what is appropriate for the topic

Answer 33

Maxim of Relevance

Question 34

The speaker will be brief, concise, & clear

Answer 34

Maxim of Manner

Question 35

the study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism.

Answer 35

Sociolinguistics

Question 36

Systemic differences in the way different groups of people speak the same language.
Differences in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, & pramatics

Answer 36

Dialects

Question 37

Cited as criterion to test whether 2 language varieties are dialects of the same language; how test does not always work.
Political status rather than ___ may play the deciding role in distinguishing language from dialect.

Answer 37

Mutual Intelligibility

Question 38

the dialect of a particular social class.

Answer 38

Sociolects

Question 39

English is the primary language of the country such as in Australia, Canada, US, UK.
English spread largely because of a migration of English speakers. Settlement developed its own national variety.

Answer 39

Inner Circle

Question 40

English serves as a second language in a multilingual country such as Singapore, India & Philippines.
Spread occurred largely as a result of colonization by English speaking nations.

Answer 40

Outer Circle

Question 41

English is studies as a foreign language such as in China, Japan, & Korea.
Largely as a result of foreign language learning within the country

Answer 41

Expanding Circle

Question 42

The knowledge which underlies people’s ability to use language appropriately.
Learning to speak appropriately in a range of contexts is important if one wants to avoid giving offence, reducing everyone to hysterical laughter, or embarrassing others

Answer 42

Sociolinguistic Competence

Question 43

Well formed sentence is one in which the sequence of words conforms to the syntactic knowledge (rules) of native speakers of a language

Answer 43

Grammatical Competence

Question 44

Process of discovering rules of discourse

Answer 44

Discourse Analysis

Question 45

A series of connected utterances, such as conversations, story, lecture, or any other communication event

Answer 45

Discourse

Question 46

Using techniques to overcome language gaps; plan & assess the effectiveness of communication; achieve conversational & written fluency; modify text for audience & purpose

Answer 46

Strategic Competence