Professionalism & Advocacy

Question 1

Class action suit brought by parent of non-English proficient Chinese students against the San Francisco Unified School District.
Supreme Court ruled that identical education not constitute equal education under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which bans discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin.
The court ruled that the district must take affirmative steps to overcome educational barriers.
Relief against the unequal educational opportunities of the 14th Amendment.

Answer 1

Lau v. Nichols, 1974

Question 2

Case established a 3 part test to evaluate the adequacy of a district’s program for ELL students: 1. Is the program based on an educational theory recognized as sound by some experts in the field or is considered by experts as a legit experimental strategy
2. Are the programs & practices, including resources & personnel, reasonably calculated to implement this theory effectively
3. Does the school district evaluate its programs & make adjustments where needed to ensure language barriers are actually being overcome

Answer 2

Castaneda v. Pikard,
1978-81

Question 3

Basic interpersonal communication skills.
The language ability required for verbal face to face communication

Answer 3

ICS

Question 4

Approach makes us of instructional materials, learning tasks, & classroom techniques from academic content areas as the vehicle for developing language, content, cognitive & study skills. English is used as the medium of instruction.

Answer 4

Content-based English as a Second Language

Question 5

Also known as two-way or developmental, the goal of these bilingual programs is for student to develop language proficiency in 2 languages by receiving instruction in English & another language in a classroom that is usually comprised of half native English speakers & half native speakers of the other language.

Answer 5

Dual Language Program

Question 6

Prohibits states from denying equal educational opportunity by the failure of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs

Answer 6

Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974

Question 7

Permission of a parent to enroll their child in an ELL program, or the refusal to allow their child to enroll in such a program, after the parent is provided effective notice of the educational options & the district’s educational recommendation

Answer 7

Informed Parental Consent

Question 8

Refers to measurement of the degree of bilingualism, which implies a comparison of the proficiencies in 2 or more languages

Answer 8

Language Dominance

Question 9

Refers to the degree to which the student exhibits control over the use of language, including the measurement of expressive & receptive language skills in the areas of phonology, syntax, vocab, & semantics & including the areas of pragmatics or language use within various domain or social circumstances

Answer 9

Language Proficiency

Question 10

referred to as late-exit bilingual education, is a program that uses 2 languages, the student’s primary language & English, as a means of instruction. Instruction builds upon the student’s primary language skills & develops & expands the English language skills of each student to enable him or her to achieve proficiency in both language, while providing access to the content areas.

Answer 10

Maintenance Bilingual Education (MBE)

Question 11

US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare on May 25, 1970, issued a policy statement stating that “where inability to speak & understand the English language excludes national-origin-minority group children from effective participation in the educational program offered by a school district, the district must take affirmative steps to rectify the language deficiency in order to open the instructional program to the students”

Answer 11

The May 25 Memorandum

Question 12

Separate, relatively self-contained educational interventions designed to meet the academic & transitional needs of newly arrived immigrants. Typically, students attend these programs before they enter more traditional interventions (E.g., English language development programs or mainstream classrooms with supplemental ESL instruction)

Answer 12

Newcomer Program

Question 13

Instructional approach used to make academic instruction in English understandable to ELL students. Teachers us physical activities, visual aids, & the environment to teach vocabulary for concept development in math, science, social studies, and other subjects.

Answer 13

Sheltered English Instruction

Question 14

Goal of this program is acquisition of English language skills so that ELL student can succeed in an English only mainstream classroom. All instruction is in English. Teachers have specialized training in meeting the needs of ELL students, possessing either a bilingual education or ESL teaching credential and/or training & strong recepetive skills in the students’ primary language.

Answer 14

Structured English Immersion Program

Question 15

Places ELL students in a regular English-only program with little or not support services on the theory that they will pick up English naturally. Should not be confused with a structured English immersion program.

Answer 15

Submersion Program

Question 16

Bilingual Education Act, 1968, established a federal policy to assist educational agencies to serve students with limited English proficiency by authorizing funding to support those efforts. Also supports professional development & research activities. 1994, restructured to provide for an increased state role & give priority to applicants seeking to develop bilingual proficiency. Limited English proficiency students are eligible for services under Title 1 program on same basis as other students.

Answer 16

Title VII of the Elementary & Secondary Education Act

Question 17

Also known as early-exit bilingual education, utilizes student’s primary language in instruction. Maintains & develops skills in primary language while introducing, maintaining, & developing skills in English. Primary purpose is facilitate ELL student’s transition to an all English instructional program while receiving academic subject instruction in the native language to the extent necessary.

Answer 17

Transitional Bilingual Education Program

Question 18

1982. Equal Protection under the 14th Amendment are provisions that are “universal in their application to all persons with the territorial jurisdiction, without regard to any differences of race, color, or nationality”. States could not deprive children from an education, request citizenship documentation, or hold children liable for their parent’s actions.

Answer 18

Plyler vs. Doe