Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a&P & patho finals > special senses > Flashcards

special senses Flashcards

1
Q

how does Olfaction occur?

A

Nose house cillia which bind to the ordorant ( generate a summative receptor potential) GPCR ( NA+/k+ channels open, they connect w mitra cells in the glomerulus region to for CN1.
- olfaction directly involves the limbic system and the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rods:

A

densely populated in the outer areas of the retina, they are sensitive to light levels & give use good vision in dim lighting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cones

A

most concentrated in the fovea a, best for colour and highest visual acuity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phobia:

A

very small part of the retina w some cones w/ more rods surrounding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do photoreceptors work

A

light enter the eye( lens/cornea)–>image=flipped at the back of the eyeball–> depolarization occurs—-> rods & cones synapes (glomerulus) making CN2—> they change shape–>Cis retinal transitions–> transretinal (activates G protein–> cascade reduces glutamate–> less Na+ channels close ( hyperpolarization)—> less glutamates released off bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

left side of visonary feild can pick up info from____ in addition to the left side( vice/versa)

A

right side, info crosses over at the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what CN control seeing and eye movement?

A

CN 2,3,6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

outer ear anatomy

A

pinna/auricle ( lobe), External acoustic meatus (ear canal), temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

middle ear structures:

A

tympanic membrane, Maleus, Incus, & scapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inner ear structures:

A

cochlea, utricle, & saccule, semicircular canals, vestibular apparatus–> CN8–> primary acoustic cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sclera:

A

whites of the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a tough fibrous coat…

A

the outer layer of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cornea….

A

a transparent bulg that allows light to pass through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

uvea…

A

middle layer of the eye, dark and vascular layer near the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cilliary body….

A

made up of ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lens to help it focus on near/distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

iris

A

circular structures surrounding the pupils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lens

A

transparent biconvex surrounded by an elastic capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

retina

A

inner walls of the eyes and is pigmeneted ( several layers of neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fovea:

A

has many cones & provides most acute/colour vision

20
Q

virtuous humor:

A

stored in the posterior cavity, holds the retina against the choroid & keeps the shape and size

21
Q

aqueous humour

A

from the anterior cavity continuously secreted by the ciliary process, supplies the eye w nutrients ( lens, cornea; b/c they lack bf)

22
Q

Visual pathway:

A

Light rays pass through the cornea + are refracted→ aqueous humour & pupil.( curvature of lens = adjusted to refract light)
Light converges on retina( sharper image), rods& cones= stimulated here
Light energy→ electrical stimulus—-> optic nerve—> occipital lobe int he brain
Image is identified and analyzed

23
Q

what are the 6 muscles that control the movement of the eyes?

A

4 straight ( rectus) muscles
2 angled oblique muscles

24
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, close objects=blurry ( corrected w concave glasses that lenses change when in dim lightning

25
Q

Hyperopia

A

objects far away are blurry, lens=convex to focus rays o the retina

26
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular curvature of the lens or cornea

27
Q

presbyopia

A

inability of the lens to accommodate view while moving closer tot he eyes
(most common in elderly)

28
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

29
Q

eye movement= controlled by what nerves?

A

CN3,4,6

30
Q

strabismus:

A

caused by neuro defects or hypertonic muscles/muscle lengths that do not allow the eyes to focus images on the retina, blurred vision
- if not fixed brain becomes blined to image produced by that eye
Tx: surgery/exercises

31
Q

Nystagmus

A

involuntary jerky movements of the eyes

32
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pink eye bacterial/viral/fungal infection, inflammation of the conjunctivia–> can have serous/purulent exudate, itchiness

33
Q

glaucoma

A

increased Intraoccular pressure
1) trabecular network= unable to drain and pushes against the retinal cells
- insidious onset, tunnerl vision, clolourvision= not affected until later

34
Q

narrow angle glaucoma (acute)

A

cannal of schlemm becomes more narrow stopping th eback flow of fluid
- rapid onset, +IOP, discomfort, pupillary response,
tx: miotics

35
Q

cataracts

A

due to a protein build up on the optic lens
- blurred vision, easier to see at night time, cuased by diabetes, no eye protection
tc: surgery/replacement

36
Q

retinal dettachment

A

exudative: fluid moves through the capillaries ( separates the retina from the cornea)–> permentant vision loss
tanctional: fibrosis occurs between the layers of the retina & cornea
spontaneous: when the biterous fluid decreases
- spots, blurred vision, painless

37
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

blood cells change shapes and clot in the retina–> leaky mature BV–> retinal dettahcment

38
Q

age related macular degeneration

A

scarring fibriotic tissues int he fovea centralis ( colour vision/acuity)
atrophic dry :protiens deposit and damage
atrophic wet: large number of leaking blood cells between cornea & retinal layer–> blindness

39
Q

macular degeneration

A

-acute, painless, occurs when the retina tears away from the underlying choroid due to marked myopia, viterous humor leaks behind loos retina, retinal cells stop working bc they loose nutrient supply

40
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

impact of cermen on the tympanic membrane
ex: qutips

41
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

Cn8 problems, due to toxic meds, loud noises, metanolic disorders

42
Q

Otitis media

A

infection of the middle ear
- makes exudate narrowing ofthe stuachin tube—> scarring permenat damage
- pain, hearing loss

43
Q

mineres disease

A

autoimmune, excess endolymph in the cochlea & vestibular organs & change the function of the hairs in the ears
-vertigo, tinnitus, nystagmus

44
Q

utricle and saccule functions….

A

static equilibrium—> position of head relative to gravity, involved in deccleration

45
Q

dynamic equillibrium organs…

A

semicircular ducts, balance gead & body= rotated suddenly

46
Q

vestibule apparatus

A

measures linear acceleration in the verticle ( saccule) and horizontal (utricle) planes

a&P & patho finals (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions