Development

Question 1

brain stem

Answer 1

does the autonomic functions
- breathing, sleeping, heart rate, eating

Question 2

thalamus

Answer 2

recieves signals from areas of the brain and sends them off where they are needed
- the body’s information relay station

Question 3

cerebellum

Answer 3

ploys a role in co-ordination of movement
- balance, coordination, and movement

Question 4

cortex

Answer 4

outer covering of brain and does our higher processes
- memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving

Question 5

Role of nature on the brain of a baby before born

Answer 5

Nature refers to the argument that characteristics and behaviours are gentically influenced.
Suggests that how a babys brain develops before it is born is influened by the genes inherited from its parents.

Question 6

Role of nuture on the brain development of a baby before it is born

Answer 6

Nurture refers to the argument that characteristics and behaviours are influenced by upbringing, environment and experiences.
Nuture suggests that how a baby’s brain develops before it is born is infleunced by the mother’s enviornment, lifestyle and experiences during pregnancy.

Question 7

sensorimotor stage

Answer 7

(0-2) when babies understand object permanence

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

(2-7) when kids understand how to see things from other peoples point of view

Question 9

concrete operational stage

Answer 9

(7-11) when kids understand conservation

Question 10

formal operational stage

Answer 10

(11+) when kids can think methodically (in a orderly or systematic manner)

Question 11

Readiness (Piaget’s theory)

Answer 11

children cannot learn something until maturation gives them certain prerequisitcs
- teachers should take a readiness approach by presenting opportunities for the child to learn only when it was at the right stage of development

Question 12

assimilation

Answer 12

adding to an existing schema (holding a pen similiar to holding a toothbrush)

Question 13

accomodation

Answer 13

creating a new schema as current schemas do no fit (new way to hold a toothbrush)

Question 14

Piaget’s theory: application to education

Answer 14

• idea of readiness
• children play an active role in education
• children grow through the stages at different rates
• Sensori: rich, stimulating environment to experiment with senses and learn motor coodination
• Preop: role play to reduce egocentrism
• concrete: concrete materials to manipulate
• formal: scientific activity to help develop an understanding of logic

Question 15

Ways in whicih piaget’s theory of cognitive development could be applied to education

Answer 15

• suggested children should be taught in a more child-centred way in which teacher should provide materials like bulbs and wires to make a circuit and allow the child to discover the answers to problems for themselves
• Piaget suggested that teachers should take a readiness approach by presenting opportunities for the child to learn only when it was at the right stage of cognitive development like learning to conserve number before volume.

Question 16

Hughe’s policeman doll study AIM

Answer 16

To see if children can see things from another person’s point of view at a younger age than Piaget proposed if the situation is familiar to them.

Question 17

Policeman study PPT

Answer 17

30 children aged from 3.5 to 5 y/o

Question 18

Policeman study PROCEDURE

Answer 18

To introduce the task, a policeman doll was placed on the model. Each child was asked to hide the boy doll from the policeman doll. A child was told if they made a mistake. Then they were allowed to try the task again. In the actual experiment, a second policeman doll was placed on the model and the child was asked to hide the boy dol so that neither of the policeman dolls could see him

Question 19

Policeman doll RESULTS

Answer 19

90% of the children were able to hide the boy doll from the policeman dolls

Question 20

Policeman doll CONCLUSION

Answer 20

Most children between these ages can see thigns from another persons POV so are not egocentric in their thinking.

Question 21

Policeman doll EVALUATE

Answer 21

S: more realistic, task was more similiar to kind of problem children would encounter in daily life, made sure they understood what to do. researcher can better assess childrens real capabilities
D: researcher may of unconsciously hinted about the correct answer, gazing in a certain direction, may lack validity
D: ungen, all came from edinburgh cant gen to other cultures

Question 22

Naughty teddy study AIM

Answer 22

To see if children developed conservation skills at a earlier age than piaget proposed if the change was accidental.

Question 23

Teddy PARTICIPANTS

Answer 23

80 children from 4 to 6 years old

Question 24

Teddy PROCEDURE

Answer 24

Children were shown two rows of counters. A naughty teddy would accidently mess up the counters. The researchers would ask if the number of counters change. Then the researchers would mess up the rows in front of the child. And asked the same question.

Question 25

Teddy RESULTS

Answer 25

60% said counters same with teddy.
40% said counters same with researcher.

Question 26

Teddy CONCLUSION

Answer 26

Children under the age of 7 can converve if the change to the materials seems to be accidental. However, the older children did do a better job than the younger children, so age does play a factor.

Question 27

Teddy EVALUATE

Answer 27

D: non rep, all 8- came from same skl
D: perhaps change went unnoticed as teddy is more captivating. not conserving, just distracted.
A: standardised procedures

Question 28

Dweck’s mindset theory

Answer 28

Individuals with a growth mindset believe their characteristics adn abilities can be changed with effort, and over time, these people are more likely to adopt learning goals, chose challenging tasks, and employ adaptive strategies to improve their abilities. Those with a fixed mindset, however, are more likely to adopt performance goals and prioritize positive assessment over learning.

Question 29

fixed mindset

Answer 29

When someone believes that their intelligence is fixed in their genes. They don’t believe in trying hard, since if you have to work hard in order to do something it means you’re not competent. They’re focused on performance goals, feel good when doing well.

Question 30

Growth mindset

Answer 30

indiviudals with a growth mindset believe their characteristics and abilities can be changed with effort and over time, these people are more likely to adopt learning goals, choose challenging taks and employ adaptive strategies to improve their abilities

Question 31

Dweck evaluation

Answer 31

A: practical applicaiton. research shows that people can change their mindset and this can be used to improve performance in different contexts such as school
A: any sort of praise can be damaging. In both fixed and growth, the learner is dependent on praise from smo else, learner continues to work hard for someone else, better to have intrinsic motivation. May not be the best way to motivate learners.

Question 32

Williingham theory

Answer 32

Willingham criticised the learning style approach to teaching and says it does not improve learning.
Willingham believed that students should be taught using the best method based on content being taught rather than to their preferred learning style.
For example, when learning about maps, visual learning style should be used whereas for learning a new language, auditory/verbal styles may be more preferable.
A student’s ability to store the information is more important than how they learn it.
His approach suggests it would be better for students to acquire the ability to use styles that are not their preferred style, so that when information is presented in non-preferred styles learners can still access the information.
If a student struggles to learn a particular type of information, they should be given the opportunity to practise dealing with that type of information.
Willingham suggests teaching and learning can be improved by the application of findings from cognitive psychology and neuroscience studies.

Question 33

willingham evaluation

Answer 33

A: focused on applications to learning. his critism of leanring styles is that it doesn’t affect performance, so time shouldn’t be wasted on differentiating ebtween them to match students. real world value.
D: diagnosis on the basis of brain difference may not be possible. leanring disorders stem from multiple areas of the brain. can be misleading and incorrect. incorrect diagnosis’ can have a lasting effect.
D: falls into the traditional method of teaching, which is boring and de-motivating. different learning styles liven up lessons, removing them would be bad.

Question 34

verbalisers

Answer 34

someone who prefers to deal with info in terms of words
- auditory processing

Question 35

visualisers

Answer 35

someone who prefers pictures rather than words
- visual processing

Question 36

kinaesthetic leaners

Answer 36

someone who prefers the hands on approach to learning

Question 37

learning style

Answer 37

the different ways in which a person can process information

Question 38

Praise

Answer 38

• expressing approval for the effort put into a piece of work
• expressing admiration for the standard of a piece of work

Question 39

process praise

Answer 39

praising the persons effort

Question 40

people praise

Answer 40

praising the persons intelligence

Question 41

self efficacy

Answer 41

a persons understandng of their own capabilities. High self efficacy influences motivation