stroke - reasoning

Question 1

Tone spasticity

Answer 1

1. likely from an imbalance between descending inhibitory and facilitatory regulation of spinal stretch reflexes
2. changes in the afferent input to spinal motoneurons
3. changes in reflex circuits affecting motoneuron excitability
4. changes in the intrinsic properties of the motoneuron.
5. The disruption of spinal interneuron-mediated influences might reduce the inhibition of the antagonist muscle and increase the action potentials in the sensory neurons, thus lead to excessive muscle activation

Question 2

strength

Answer 2

1. Inactivity or immobilization is thought to accelerate sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and increase in fat mass); with 2 weeks of inactivity, muscle mass decreases, along with muscle strength.
2. After a stroke, the time spent in bed during the day is greater than 50%

Question 3

sensation

Answer 3

**Parietal lobe **
- Processing sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature & pain
- Body awareness
- Orientation & processing of the visuo-spatial information
Number representation

1. Deep pressure (ascending pathway- medial/anterior spinothalamic contralateral)
   Anterolateral pathway tract projection crosses over at the spinal cord
2. Light touch (ascending pathway- dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
   dorsal column- medial leminscus pathway tract projection crosses over at medulla oblongata

Question 4

coordination

Answer 4

1. The cortex of the vermis coordinates the movements of the trunk
2. Control of the distal extremity muscles is by the intermediate zone of cerebellar hemispheres, located adjacent to the vermis

• ataxia - cerebellum
• Dysmetria – inaccurate (undershoot or overshoot) amplitude of movement of intended limb at end-position
• Dyssynergia – decomposition of movement, loss of smooth performance of multi-joint movements and lack of coordination between agonist and antagonist
• Dysdiadochokinesis - Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements of force or rhythm
• Tremor – movement oscillations due to lack of coordination between agonist and antagonist
• Intention tremor – exaggerated with movement
• Resting tremor – seen at rest, reduces with movement

Question 5

stroke defintion

Answer 5

• A stroke occurs when the blood supply to parts of the brain are interrupted, usually due to a blocked or burst blood vessel. The blood supply carries oxygen and nutrients which are essential for the brain to function normally. When oxygen and nutrients can no longer reach parts of the brain vital brain cells are damaged and may die

Question 6

heamorragic

Answer 6

• a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds. When an artery bleeds into the brain, brain cells do not receive oxygen and nutrients. In addition, pressure builds up in surrounding tissues and swelling occurs causing further cell death
• tend to recover better

Question 7

ischemic

Answer 7

• blood vessel is blocked by a blood clot, which interrupts the brain’s blood supply. The area of tissue death is called an infarct.

1. Narrowed arteries from cholesterol deposits (arteriosclerosis)
2. A clot forming in an artery (thrombosis)
3. A clot travelling from somewhere else & lodging in an artery (embolism)

85%

Question 8

Tone definition normal- neural/non-neural

Answer 8

• Muscle tone
  — Sufficient tension to allow movement but maintain stability
  — Neural: active muscle contraction and background activity
  even when the muscle is (apparently) relaxed
  — Non-neural component: non-elastic structures within the
  muscle (tendons); elastic properties and connective tissue

Question 9

strength defintion

Answer 9

Muscle Strength
The highest amount of tension or force that a muscle
or muscle group can voluntary exert in one maximal
effort.

Question 10

normal movement looks like

5

Answer 10

graded
goal directed
coordinated
efficent
smooth

Question 11

normal movement is

Answer 11

skill
aquired through learning
goal/task specific
efficent/economic
individual