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Bio 151 > muscles and the brain > Flashcards

muscles and the brain Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of the brain

A

midbrain, forbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

case study that found out where emotions are localized in the brain

A

Phineas Gage

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3
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla, pons; basic fundamentals for survival/ living

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4
Q

midbrain

A

relay system; transmits information necessary for vision and hearing

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5
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, cerebral cortex; movement, sensory processing, emotions

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6
Q

cerabellum

A

coordinating movement and balance; integrate and redefine sensory and motor info

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7
Q

maddula

A

respiration, circulation, breathing, blood pressure, etc; autonomic NS

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8
Q

pons

A

transmit info from medulla/cerebellum to forebrain

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9
Q

thalmus

A

relay station for sensory info to brain; sends to specific specialized region

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10
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of pituitary hormones; endocrine system powerhouse

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11
Q

pineal gland

A

circadian rhythm; regulated production and circulation of melatonin

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12
Q

cerebral cortex

A

higher-level processing; language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality

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13
Q

what does the folded struct in the cerebral cortex do?

A

increases the brain’s surface area so more neurons -> higher cognitive function

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14
Q

gray matter

A

soma and dendrites of neurons

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15
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons of dendrites

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16
Q

gyrus

A

ridge of the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

fissure

A

large furrow that divides the brain into lobed

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18
Q

sulcus

A

shallower grooves surrounding a gyrus

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19
Q

what cortex is in the frontal lobe

A

olfactory and gustatory cortices= taste and smell
*responsible for decision making and complex thinking

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20
Q

what cortex is in the parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex= detect pain, temp, position and vibration
*body and spatial awareness

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21
Q

what cortex is in the occipital lobe

A

visual cortex= processes visual info

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22
Q

what cortex is in the temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex= processes speech and sound

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23
Q

central suclus

A

separates the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices; these 2 cortices in constant communication

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24
Q

limbic system function

A

processing and regulating emotions, memory, and learning

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25
Q

key parts of limbic system

A

hippocampus and amygdala

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26
Q

hippocampus role

A

memory center; hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage

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27
Q

amygdala role

A

emotion center; fight or flight responses

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28
Q

dopamine

A

happiness/ pleasure neurotrasmitter

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29
Q

serotonin

A

satiation of happiness neurotransmitter

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30
Q

start of reward pathway

A

VTA

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31
Q

4 parts of reward pathway

A

-amygdala: feeling the reward
-hippocampus: having memory of that feeling
-nucleus accumbens: understanding what you did physically to achieve that feeling
PFC: focus on feeling

32
Q

what happens to reward pathway activation as dopamine increased

A

increased activation

33
Q

what happens when reward pathway continuously activated

A

more serotonin must be released to feel same level of satiation/ reward
ex. drug addiction

34
Q

physiological causes of depression

A
  • not enough of a neurotransmitter made
  • not enough postsynaptic receptors
  • too fast presynaptic reuptake
35
Q

depression is in imbalance of which neurotransmitters?

A

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

36
Q

cognition

A

the ability to take in, interpret and recall knowledge, learning and forming thought

37
Q

what relays info to cerebral cortex

A

hippocampus

38
Q

how is information solidified -> LTM

A

during sleep

39
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

more we use synapse the stronger it becomes
* enlarged dendrites
* more ligand gated ion channels

40
Q

process of learning

A

strengthening synapse through positive feedback -> makes easier to recall

41
Q

long term potentiation

A

a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers.

42
Q

EEG

A

tracks brain activity by measuring electrical impulses

43
Q

brain waves when awake

A

beta waves

44
Q

brain waves when sleep

A

delta waves

45
Q

stages of sleep: N1

A

drowsy, in between awake and asleep

46
Q

stages of sleep: N2

A

onset of sleep; heart rate and body temp drop

47
Q

stages of sleep: N3

A

deepest state of sleep and most restorative for bodyl blood pressure, metabolism and breathing drop

48
Q

stages of sleep: REM

A

dream state and very restorative for the brain; happens 90 mins after sleep and every 90 mins in cycle
* STM -> LTM

49
Q

3 steps of learning

A

1) acquisition; new info comes in
2) consolidation; memories stabilize during sleep
3) recall; access stored info

50
Q

3 types of muscle (rank fastest/ most power -> slowest)

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

51
Q

what type of muscle does not have stratiaton

A

smooth

52
Q

why can muscles get bigger/smaller

A

wrapped in connective tissues (flexible lining)

53
Q

muscle bundle

A

a section of striated muscle wrapped in connective tissue filled with muscle fibers; a bunch of fused nuclei

54
Q

myofibril

A

longitudinal parallel contractile elements of a muscle cell that are composed of myosin and actin.

55
Q

stratiatons: thin filaments

A

actin

56
Q

striations: thick filaments

A

myosin

57
Q

how are muscles contracted

A

tropmyosin binds to actin

58
Q

sacroemre

A

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber; myosin and actin sliding past each other

59
Q

A band

A

dark section of sarcomere that does NOT change length during muscle contraction; myosin and actin overlap

60
Q

I band

A

light section of sarcomere that shortens during muscle contraction; only actin

61
Q

how much shorter does the I band get during contraction

A

30%

62
Q

what happens to filaments when muscles contract

A

thin filaments slide in (actin)

63
Q

cross bridge cycle (4 steps)

A

1) myosin head binds to ATP -> detach from actin
2) hydrolysis of ATP -> ADP; myosin head cocks back
3) myosin head binds to actin binding site to form cross bridge
4) ADP released to produce power stroke -> thin filament slides

64
Q

what happens to the sarcomere when the filaments slide

A

shortens

65
Q

muscle excitation

A

motor neurons synapse with muscle cell -> release acetylcholine -> depolarize them (Na+)

66
Q

t-tubules

A

sewer drains for Na+ ions -> depolarize sarcoplasmic reticulum -> release Ca++

67
Q

what does Ca++ do

A

binds to troponin to moves tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can bind -> stimulated contraction

68
Q

what happens when there is low Ca++

A

myosin binding site is blocked and muscle is relaxed

69
Q

Antagonist Muscles

A

2 muscle groups working to do opposite things; flexion and elongation
ex. biceps and triceps

70
Q

agonist muscles

A

multiple muscle groups work to do the same thing; either flexion or extension

71
Q

why do smooth muscles contract slower

A

-not striated so no troponin or tropomyosin -> less contraction force
- less Ca++ pumps -> slower contraction

72
Q

tetanic contraction

A

muscle contraction of sustained force

73
Q

twitch

A

response from a single action potential fired

74
Q

muscle action potenial differences from neuron

A

resting = -90 mV
goes up to only +30 mV
no refractory/ hyperpolarization period

75
Q

force summation

A

second action potential fired before muscle has fully relaxed; increasing frequency of stimulation = greater force (summation)

Bio 151 (7 decks)

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