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Bio 151 > jeopardy questions > Flashcards

jeopardy questions Flashcards

1
Q

type of muscle found in the heart, limbs, head, and torso

A

striated muscle

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2
Q

Type of muscle found in the respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and digestive systems

A

smooth muscle

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3
Q

Muscle protein types found in striated and smooth muscle

A

action and myosin

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4
Q

Major characteristics of a striated muscle cell, or muscle fiber, you could see using a microscope

A

multiple nuclei, hundreds of myofibrils, lots of mitochondria, innervated by efferent motor neurons

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5
Q

Major components of a whole muscle, from smallest to largest

A

myofibrils, muscle fibers or cells, and muscle bundles

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6
Q

The area between two Z discs (or Z lines), i.e., the smallest unit of contraction

A

sarcomere

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7
Q

This occurs when myosin heads interact with actin filaments

A

cross bridge formation

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8
Q

The effect of ATP binding to myosin

A

detachment of the myosin head from actin

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9
Q

The effect of ATP hydrolysis on myosin

A

cocking back of myosin heads

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10
Q

The effect of ADP + Pi releasing from myosin

A

“power stroke” (the thin filament sliding relative to the thick filament under the action of myosin heads)

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11
Q

This sends nerve signals to skeletal muscle

A

motor neuron

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12
Q

The type of tissue that wraps around whole muscle groups and muscle bundles

A

connective tissue;epimysium and endomysium

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13
Q

The neurotransmitter released by motor neurons at the motor endplate

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

This causes troponin to interact with tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites and triggering muscle contraction

A

the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

This happens when acetylcholine is reabsorbed, Ca2+ is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and tropomyosin again blocks myosin-binding sites

A

skeletal muscles relax

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16
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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17
Q

This depends on the number of motor units activated each time frame

A

muscle’s force output

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18
Q

This structure is apparent when looking at the cross-section of a myofibril and the arrangement of actin and myosin (which helps illustrate why muscle fibers are so strong)

A

hexagonal lattice

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19
Q

This conducts a depolarization into the muscle cell, where it affects the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

t-tubule

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20
Q

This causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

muscle cell firing an action potential

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21
Q

This structure determines what cells will respond to a particular hormone in circulation

A

receptors for a particular hormone

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22
Q

These hormones bind to extracellular receptors specific to them…

A

hydrophilic (amine or peptide) hormones

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23
Q

This class of hormones binds to its receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell…

A

hydrophobic (steroid or cholesterol-derived) hormones

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24
Q

This structure sits at the base of the forebrain, receives information from the nervous system, and initiates our endocrine system’s response…

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

This phenomenon occurs when a system’s end product feeds back into the system and amplifies the process…

A

positive feedback

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26
Q

This hormone is released by the pancreas between meals to raise blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen.

A

glucogen

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27
Q

This hormone promotes skeletal muscle and the liver to store energy via glycogen and fatty acid synthesis.

A

insulin

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28
Q

This process keeps circulating glucose at homeostatic, or healthy, levels.

A

negative feedback

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29
Q

The liver responds to Epinephrine by releasing the energy monomer _____ from the energy chain ______.

A

glucose and glycogen

30
Q

This organ secretes glucagon and insulin and is key in regulating circulating energy levels.

A

pancreas

31
Q

Activating this branch of your autonomic nervous system is crucial for a rapid stress response.

A

sympathetic NS

32
Q

This is an example of an increased physiological response that happens when an animal perceives a threat (bear!) (hint, there are at least four)

A

increased heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles, glucose mobilization, and water retention

33
Q

This is an example of a decreased physiological response that happens when an animal perceives a threat

A

decreased digestion, growth, immune response, and blood flow to non-essential organs (ie the GI tract)

34
Q

This gland sits atop the kidney and releases the primary hormones that govern the stress response

A

adrenal gland

35
Q

The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which acts on the ___________ and causes the release of ___________.

A

he anterior pituitary and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

36
Q

Differences in this property of gas drive its diffusion across a membrane from areas of higher concentration to lower concentrations

A

partial pressure

37
Q

In order to rid your body of this molecule, its partial pressure must be higher in the body than in the atmosphere

A

CO2

38
Q

thankfully, this molecule is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere

A

O2

39
Q

This property reflects that we never fully exhale all of the gas from our lungs and can increase the volume of gas in the lungs during bouts of exercise

A

tidal volume/ ventilation

40
Q

These two places in the body are where you would find the lowest and highest partial pressures of O2

A

the blood within the pulmonary artery and the air within the mouth/trachea

41
Q

This muscle separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities and helps to inflate the lungs by creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity.

A

diaphragm

42
Q

This process allows multicellular organisms to transport substances to the site where diffusion occurs more efficiently

A

bulk flow

43
Q

These structures greatly increase the surface area of the lungs, ensuring that the gas exchange surface is maximized and the respiratory needs of an animal are not limited by diffusion

A

alveoli

44
Q

During exercise, this tissue signals where O2 is most needed via byproducts of cellular respiration

A

skeletal muscle

45
Q

When gaseous O2 leaves the lungs and enters circulation, it dissolves into a liquid and first enters our circulatory system via the _________, where it then travels to the heart via the _______.

A

pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary veins

46
Q

This cell is hardly a cell at all, given its lack of organelles; it travels slowly through the capillaries, exchanging the gasses O2 and CO2.

A

red blood cell

47
Q

this polypeptide’s alpha and beta subunits are where O2 binds in a red blood cell

A

hemoglobin

48
Q

This protein ensures that hemoglobin transfers its O2 under all partial pressures into skeletal muscle cells where needed

A

myoglobin

49
Q

Due to the cooperative binding of O2 and hemoglobin, the relationship between O2 partial pressure and saturation of hemoglobin takes on this shape.

A

sigmoid curve

50
Q

When we exercise, we increase the amount of O2 released by hemoglobin at almost all partial pressures of oxygen. This is due to ___________ and ____________ binding to hemoglobin and facilitating the unloading of O2…

A

increased CO2 and H+ concentrations or decreased pH (more acidic) in the blood

51
Q

his component of your circulatory system has 2x the smooth muscle as veins and, in response to the endocrine system (epinephrine), can vasoconstrict or vasodilate as needed…

A

artery

52
Q

This component of your circulatory system has one-way valves to ensure that blood flows back towards the heart…

A

veins

53
Q

This component of your circulatory system has the greatest surface area and, subsequently, the slowest rate of blood flow…

A

capillary bed

54
Q

This type of tissue lines our capillaries and allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and effector cells of the immune system…

A

endothelial tissue

55
Q

This specialized group of cells generates action potentials that initiate the heart’s contraction and cause subsequent cells to depolarize and fire action potentials…

A

SA node/ pacemaker

56
Q

This chamber of the heart produces the greatest amount of force before sending blood out to the systemic circuit of the CS…

A

left ventricle

57
Q

The heart delivers blood to these two circuits; one circuit returns deoxygenated blood to the heart and the other oxygenated…

A

systemic and pulmonary circuits

58
Q

This artery connects to the heart and is the largest artery in the body …

A

aorta

59
Q

This heart chamber receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood a very short distance…

A

right atrium

60
Q

These two structures separate the atria and ventricles and are conveniently named…

A

right and left AV valve

61
Q

This system drains our body and has been dubbed “the body’s sewer system” but is incredibly important in our fight against pathogens…

A

lymphatic system

62
Q

This is the only vein in the body that contains fully oxygenated blood…

A

pulmonary vein

63
Q

This structure ensures that deoxygenated blood does not return to the heart after being pumped by the right ventricle…

A

pulmonary valve

64
Q

The heart beats rhythmically and has two phases; this phase can be heard when the ventricles contract…

A

systole

65
Q

As blood flows through a capillary bed, these two forces determine whether fluid (with gases and nutrients) will enter or leave the capillary beds…

A

osmotic pressure and blood pressure

66
Q

This structure releases two systemic hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin (or ADH)

A

posterior pituitary gland

67
Q

Tropic hormones produced by this structure act on many other tissues/organs in the body, releasing hormones

A

anterior pituitary

68
Q

This device allows us to monitor heart rate by visualizing the electrical currents that result during systole and diastole

A

EKG

69
Q

Low vs. High amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria. It is good for long-sustained use vs. quick/fast action

A

differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers

70
Q

This organ receives information from the anterior pituitary and regulates our body’s metabolic rate and temperature

A

thyroid

Bio 151 (7 decks)

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