4/6 Mark Questions

Question 1

Why does recycling rates differ across England

Answer 1

Urban areas = London have lower recycling rates as there’s a high pop density + economic activity which means there is less management of resources in these areas by big TNCs who are focused on earning a living as prices are already expensive.
Whereas - in some = rural areas e.g. Cornwall = south west there will be higher recycling rates as there are less TNCs that just want economic profit

Question 2

2 measures of degree of globalisation of a country

Answer 2

• The KOF index measures Glocalisation within and b/ around 128 countries. Looks at how socially, politically, economically connected they are using real + regularly updated data. The KOF index is a score each country is given out of 100, the higher the number the more globalised the country is considered to be.
• AT Kearney index uses 4 main indicators to publish a globalisation index. This index includes political engagement, technological connectivity, personal contact + economic integration. Measures roughly around 64 countries.

Question 3

Why the global shift = manufacturing + services has made some ppl ‘losers’

Answer 3

Global shift involves mass movement of employment 2 Asian countries. ‘Losers’ are ppl who have lost out economically, socially, environmentally in emerging, developed/developing world.
Emerging world:
- be seen as largely benefiting but competition 4 jobs may mean = wages are reduced 4 employees so livelihoods are affected + families lose income (clothing factories in Bangladesh)
- working conditions = poor + lead 2 exploitation
- profits = conc in the hands of a few so there may be an inc = income inequality e.g. South Africa + India
- local businesses may X be able 2 compete so closure may follow
Developed world:
- loss of employment = textiles, car making etc. lead 2 loss of wages/jobs + fall in local spending = shops/services resulting in a spiral of decline affecting families = post-industrial sites all over Europe + USA.
- communities = suffered deprivation w/ few permanent full-time jobs. Social consequences e.g. alcoholism, depression, ill-health have followed. E.g. steel-making communities in parts of south Wales + chemical industry in Teesside
Developing world:
- many African countries = little benefit at all in global shift. TNCs look elsewhere 4 skilled labour, new markets, reliable infrastructure

Question 4

Explain how levels = globalisation can be measured using diff indicators + indices

Answer 4

KOF index - measures economic, social, political criteria + compare countries annually therefore allowing trends 2 be identified. Uses a large number of indices covering a range of factors so helps represent a country’s globalisation using readily available data.

Kearney Index - measures different features e.g. Global Services locations (ranks countries 4 attractiveness 4 offshoring) Global Cities Index (ranks global engagement of city) + the Global Cities outlook index (ranks future potential of cities so indicates global connections.)

Question 5

Explain how globalisation may result in exploitation of the environment in developing countries

Answer 5

• globalisation is often thought 2 have exported the environmental negative externalities of production from developed - developing countries due 2 increased environmental regulations = developed countries such as EU large combustion plant directive on NOX + SO2 emissions leading 2 the export of these gases 2 countries such as China.
• G has led 2 the increased development of natural resource base of developing countries such as the growth of palm-oil production = Indonesia which leads 2 loss of biodiversity, part = habitat of the orangutan.
• regulations may be less stringent + less likely 2 be enforced = developing countries leading 2 higher levels of air pollution - Taipei = Taiwan has one of the world’s highest levels = air pollution
  + G also inc the length of the production chain: each stage + transport b/ them can cause air/water/land pollution
• pollution + damage 2 ecosystems may cause LT problems 2 ecosystems + to ppls health. There’s over 7000 factories = Mexico City which has lead 2 levels = air pollution that are dangerous 2 human health on 2 out of 3 days as well as damage = local water courses

Question 6

Why some locations remain ‘switched off’ from G

Answer 6

• physical isolation of some locations e.g. Sahel w/ extreme climates + low pop desensitise making the development = infrastructure difficult so that places lack transport connections
• landlocked countries e.g. Chad, Bolivia = difficult 2 access + rely on agreements w/ other countries 4 import/export trade = incur additional costs/disruption risks deterring investors
• global internet infrastructure e.g. fibre optic cables = only just reaching some locations e.g. East Africa’s EASSy cable - bandwidth is low + costs = high
• political isolation = North Korea - deliberate policy = closing off connections 2 outside world so the country remains isolated; there are partial ‘closures’ = Cuba, Russia, China due 2 restricted access 2 internet + other media
• Trade = low income countries = restricted 2 export = commodities e.g. Zambian copper, oil = Sudan so complex trade networks fail 2 develop leading to a ‘shallow version’ = G