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SEAM 4 > Midterm SEAM 4 > Flashcards

Midterm SEAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when a refined metal is naturally converted to a more stable form such as its oxide, hydroxide or sulphide state this leads to deterioration of the material

A

Corrosion

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2
Q

Main Factors influencing the Rate of Corrosion

A

Diffusion
Temperature
Conductivity
Acid
Types of Ion
Electrochemical Corrosion

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3
Q

the process resulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

– the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius
– indicates the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow—i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature)

A

Temperature

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5
Q

a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current

A

Conductivity

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6
Q

a chemical substance, usually a liquid, which contains hydrogen and can react with other substances to form salts

A

Acid

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7
Q

occurs when two dissimilar metals are present in an electrolytic medium

A

Electrochemical Corrosion

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8
Q

– a chemical compound that dissociates into ions and hence is capable of transporting electric charge - i.e.
– an electric conductor; unlike metals the flow of charge is not a flow of electrons, but is a movement

A

Electrolyte

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9
Q

electrically charged atoms

A

Ions

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10
Q

Two types of ions

A

Cations
Anions

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11
Q

positively charged ions

A

Cations

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12
Q

negatively charged ions

A

Anions

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13
Q

when metals collect this, an electrochemical reaction causes the steel to corrode

A

Moisture

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14
Q

– also known as metal oxides
– forms when oxygen reacts with metal atoms

A

Rust

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15
Q

– a coating which is the major line of defense against corrosion in ballast tanks and void spaces
– in ballast tanks, they are commonly used and there is some interest in using inert gas atmospheres

A

Hard Epoxy Coating

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16
Q

– a means of preventing electrochemical wastage is required
– a system of preventing corrosion by forcing all surfaces of a structure (e.g. hull) to be cathodes by providing external anodes

A

Cathodic Protection

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17
Q

A type of Cathodic Protection that can be accomplished by fitting aluminium, magnesium or zinc anodes in tanks or underwater portion of a ship, which waste away by galvanic action

A

Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection

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18
Q

A type of Cathodic Protection that can be achieved by superimposing on the hull an impressed current provided by a remote
power source through a small number of inert anodes

A

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

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19
Q

Two Types of Cathodic Protection Method

A

Sacrificial Anode System
Impressed Current System (ICCP)

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20
Q

– metals or alloys attached to the hull that have a more anodic, i.e. less noble, potential than steel when immersed in sea water
– supply the cathodic protection current, but will be consumed in doing so and therefore require replacement for the protection to be maintained

A

Sacrificial Anodes

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21
Q

– may be safely employed
– sacrificial anodes made of zinc that are attached to a ship’s hull
– a critical component of a cathodic protection system, which is used to protect the ship’s metal structure from corrosion
– they work by corroding instead of the hull, providing protection against corrosion

A

Zinc Anodes

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22
Q

– consists of a number of anodes (lead or platinised titanium) fitted to the hull at
selected places below the waterline, and control equipment which automatically
regulates the anode current to the required value
– consists of anodes connected to a DC power source

A

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)

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23
Q

an electrical device used to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) by allowing a current to flow through the device in one direction only

A

Rectifier

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24
Q

The process where diodes work like one-way valves within the rectifier to maintain the flow of current

A

rectification

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25
Q

the negative or reducing electrode that releases electrons to the external circuit and oxidizes (corrode) during and electrochemical reaction

A

Anode

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26
Q

the positive or oxidizing electrode that acquires electrons from the external circuit and is reduced during the electrochemical reaction

A

Cathode

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27
Q

– combined with inappropriate manipulations may lead to damage of a vessel, threatening the cargo, the environment or, even worst, human life

A

Heavy Weather

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28
Q

– the manual required on all types of ships engaged in the carriage of all cargoes other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes
– cargo units, including containers, shall be loaded, stowed and secured throughout the voyage in accordance with it approved by the Administration

A

Cargo Securing Manual

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29
Q

must be carried out before reaching the loading port on the cargo/bunkering systems and equipment

A

Pre-arrival checks

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30
Q

must be agreed with the terminal and understood by all personnel involved in the cargo operations

A

Ship-Shore Safety Checklist

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31
Q

– everywhere, incur a measure of liability for the safety of the goods
– in common-law countries, liable for any damage or for the loss of the goods that are in their possession as carriers, unless they prove that the damage or loss is attributable to certain excepted causes

A

Carriers

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32
Q

Exceeding the maximum permissible cargo load in any of the holds of a ship will lead to

A

overstressing of the local structure

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33
Q

– also considered as ‘material wastage’
– the lead cause for structural deformations and fracturing
– by far the most ‘common’ of all other defects directly related to steel and its components
– if left unattended, is a disaster waiting to happen; either by cargo or fuel oil contamination, structural losses, pollution and finally, possible loss of the ship itself

A

Corrosion

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34
Q

primarily affects iron and its alloys, such as steel

A

Rust

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35
Q

can affect various materials including metals (like aluminum, copper, and brass)

A

Corrosion

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36
Q

– a sub-component defect caused due to damage to steel platings or material failure
– could be a change in shape or physical disfigurement of steel that is caused either by
implosion (caused due to vacuum build up in tanks) or explosion, excessive dynamic (wave bending/loading) as well as static stress (ship’s hogging & sagging conditions) and strains onto the steel structures, and likewise
– should be noted that deformations observed on the ship’s hull are more likely to affect structures on the interior too

A

Deformation

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37
Q

– due to the propagation of cracks through the steel plating, which has been left unattended
– most of it occurs due to excessive stress concentrated on weakened steel plates
throughout the tanks’ dimensions
– along with fatigue, they are important design criteria for ships to ensure a sufficiently high safety level

A

Fractures

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38
Q

the stress a ship’s hull or keel experiences that causes the center or the keel to bend upward

A

Hogging

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39
Q

the stress a ship’s hull or keel is placed under when a wave is the same length as the ship and the ship is in the trough of two waves

A

Sagging

40
Q

Wave Parts

A

Crest
Trough
Wave Height
Wavelength

41
Q

highest part of a wave

A

Crest

42
Q

lowest part of a wave

A

Trough

43
Q

the overall vertical change in height between crest and trough

A

Wave Height

44
Q

distance between two successive crests or troughs

A

Wavelength

45
Q

includes incorrect, improper, and insufficient lashing (not using enough dunnage, chocking, lashing materials), incorrect weight distribution, improper loading affecting the stability of the cargo

A

Bad Stowage

46
Q

If the tank surface faces over how much percent of the allowable margin, repairs can be needed

A

75%

47
Q

must be inspected on a twelve-monthly basis and a report on the condition of the tank sent to the Management Office

A

Ballast Tanks

48
Q

How often are Ballast Tanks inspected

A

twelve-monthly basis

49
Q

9 Pointers one should specifically identify while inspecting the steel tanks

A
  1. Assessing the Overall Condition
  2. Condition of Corrosion Levels
  3. Condition of ‘Sacrificial’ Anodes fitted inside the tank
  4. Checking for Damages/Cracks/Deformations
  5. Pitting Corrosion & Blister Formation
  6. Condition of the tank gauging systems
  7. Condition of the Safety Devices
  8. Condition of Mud or Sludge Build Up
  9. Condition of Cargo Equipment
50
Q

Immediately on entering the enclosed space, one can figure out the tank’s well being by considering the state of the accessways and the ladders, paint coatings, and closely observing areas susceptible to corrosion, such as near the weld joints.

A

Assessing the Overall Condition

51
Q

For example, corrosion on the inner surfaces of the liquid cargo tanks (for example, Crude Oil Tankers) is mainly due to the mixture of corrosive gases, crude oil acids, as well as seawater (Crude oil washing).

A

Condition of Corrosion Levels

52
Q

To maintain their integrity, anodes have to be checked and inspected closely for excessive wear and tear. A record of material wastage (deterioration) should be maintained for future examination.

A

Condition of ‘Sacrificial’ Anodes fitted inside the tank

53
Q

Deformations may generally not be readily evident when viewed over a larger area. To identify this, it is good to highlight the area using a high beam torch by projecting it parallel to the surface.

A

Checking for Damages/Cracks/Deformations

54
Q

– often known to be observed in the bottom plating of ballast tanks, especially near the ‘bell- mouth’, near the ‘bell-mouth’ in a liquid cargo tank, or next to suction wells associated with the submerged pumps fitted within the tanks
– a localized form of corrosion by which cavities or “holes” are produced in the material
– considered to be more dangerous than uniform corrosion damage because it is more difficult to detect, predict and design against

A

Pitting Corrosion

55
Q

occurs when oxide scale is swollen during oxidation

A

Blistering

56
Q

Gauging systems that include gas measuring gauges, pressure gauges, temperature gauges, remote level sensing meters, sounding pipes, as well as striker plates, should be checked for functional abnormalities.

A

Condition of the tank gauging systems

57
Q

ensures accurate level, temperature, and pressure measurements for inventory control, oil movement and overfill prevention, securing efficient operations

A

Tank Gauging System

58
Q

fitted in the tanks critical for providing the operators a remote indication of an unwanted threat such as water ingress in the bilges of cargo holds due to sweating or any other reason for that matter

A

Safety devices

59
Q

could be detrimental in terms of hiding away serious defects and also to promote the development of structural deterioration underneath the horizontal/parallel surfaces

A

Accumulation of mud and oily sludge in the tanks

60
Q

Cargo equipment within the tanks includes heating coils, cargo pumps, crude oil washing machines, remote gauging systems, temperature/heat sensors, etc.

A

Condition of Cargo Equipment

61
Q

necessary to confirm hatch covers are weathertight and will remain weathertight throughout the voyage

A

test and a visual inspection

62
Q

generally sufficient to prove that the hatch covers are in order

A

satisfactory ultrasonic or hose test

63
Q

provide evidence that the condition of the hatch covers does not pose a threat to the cargo

A

SGS Hatch Inspections

64
Q

– visually inspect hatch covers at departure and arrival for water tightness and proper operation
– look for obvious damage, holes and leak points that may jeopardize the quality of the cargo

A

SGS Inspectors

65
Q

a multinational company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that provides inspection, verification, testing, and certification services

A

SGS

66
Q

SGS Meaning

A

Société Générale de Surveillance

67
Q

a Non-Destructive Testing (N.D.T.) whereby, with the use of the appropriate equipment, tightness of Hatch Covers can be tested against leakages which can cause charterers claims and affect seaworthiness of vessels

A

Ultrasonic Hatch Leak Inspection

68
Q

8 Most Commonly used NDT in Hatch Cover Techniques

A
  1. Visual NDT (VT)
  2. Ultrasonic NDT (UT)
  3. Radiography NDT (RT)
  4. Eddy Current NDT (ET)
  5. Magnetic Particle NDT (MT)
  6. Acoustic Emission NDT (AE)
  7. Dye Penetrant NDT (PT)
  8. Leak Testing (LT)
69
Q

makes the voyage uncomfortable and dangerous by causing the ship to roll, pitch, or yaw, potentially causing cargo shift, equipment damage, or injuries to the crew

A

High Swells & Rough Seas

70
Q

6 Types of Ship Motion during Rough Seas

A
  1. Heaving
  2. Surging
  3. Swaying
  4. Rolling
  5. Pitching
  6. Yawing
71
Q

Moving up and down along the vertical axis

A

Heave (Heaving)

72
Q

Moving left and right along the lateral horizontal axis

A

Sway (Swaying)

73
Q

Moving forwards and backwards along the longitudinal horizontal axis

A

Surge (Surging)

74
Q

Rotating about the longitudinal horizontal axis

A

Rolling (Roll)

75
Q

Rotating about the lateral horizontal axis

A

Pitch (Pitching)

76
Q

Rotating about the vertical axis

A

Yaw (Yawing)

77
Q

– the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules
– a ship inspection program whereby foreign vessels entering a sovereign state’s waters are boarded and inspected to ensure compliance with various

A

Port State Control

78
Q

– the country in which the ship is registered
– it is its duty to ensure that the ship entitled to fly its flag is safely constructed, equipped and
subsequently properly maintained and manned as per regulation based on the International
Convention developed by IMO for this purpose
– carries out survey and inspection on the vessel for issuance of various statutory certificates

A

Flag State

79
Q

– when a country exercises control over a ship that is registered in that country
– limited to ensure that valid certificates are onboard (Statutory Certificates)

A

Flag State Control

80
Q

A Port State Control visit on board a ship will normally start with, as a minimum and to the extent applicable, with an examination of the documents in accordance with Annex

A

Annex 10 of the Paris MOU Memorandum

81
Q

Ship Particulars

A

Form A

82
Q

details about the vessel, including its length, breadth, depth, gross tonnage and where the ship was built

A

Ship Particulars

83
Q

details about the ship’s engine, including the make and model and a description of the engine

A

Ship Engine Particulars

84
Q

Deficiencies

A

Form B

85
Q

These ships are designed with multiple layers of safety features and redundancies to minimize the risk of accidents or incidents

A

Low Risk Ships

86
Q

How often are low risk ships inspected

A

every third year

87
Q

a vessel that is designed and built to meet the requirements of a specific classification society, such as the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Lloyd’s Register (LR), or Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

A

Standard Risk Ships

88
Q

How often are Standard Risk Ships inspected

A

every year

89
Q

ships of a risk type (chemical tanker, gas carrier, oil tanker, NLS tanker, bulk carrier and passenger ship) and more than 12 years old are eligible for an expanded inspection

A

High Risk Ships

90
Q

How often are High Risk Ships inspected

A

every six months

91
Q

shall include a check of the overall condition, including the human element where relevant

A

Expanded Inspection

92
Q

– involves checking of several aspects of the ship in both deck and engine departments of the ship
– involves important checking of documents, technical details, and structural elements of the ship

A

Port State Control Inspection

93
Q

General Inspection of the Ship

A

Initial Inspection

94
Q

Initial Inspection of Certain Type of Ships of Certain Age

A

Expanded Inspection

95
Q

Detailed Inspection based upon the findings (clear grounds) of non compliance

A

More Detailed Inspection

96
Q

Any of the three inspections that focus on specific areas where high levels of deficiencies have been encountered by PSCOs, or where new convention requirements have recently entered into force

A

Concentrated Inspection Campaign

97
Q

Resolution the Organization adopted on Regional co-operation in the control of ships and discharges promoting the conclusion of regional agreements

A

A.682(17)

SEAM 4 (10 decks)

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