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AP Human > Unit 6 and 7 > Flashcards

Unit 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Mixed-Use Development (MUD)

A

single planned development designed to include multiple uses

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2
Q

Transportation-Oriented Development

A

dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station

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3
Q

Smart-Growth Policies

A

policies that aim to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible

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4
Q

New Urbanism

A

an urban design movement that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types

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5
Q

Slow Growth Cities

A

Cities slow the pace of development to retain sense of place and preserve open space.

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6
Q

Blockbusting

A

When real estate agents would stir up concern that African-American families would soon move into a neighborhood to convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices

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7
Q

Redlining

A

When a lending institution refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic makeup

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8
Q

Filtering

A

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

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9
Q

Zones of Abandonment

A

Urban areas that do not have residential or commercial structures

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10
Q

Eminent Domain

A

The power of the government to take private property and convert it into public use

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11
Q

Urban area

A

The region surrounding a city

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12
Q

Metropolitan area

A

A city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city

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13
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Urban areas expand in an unplanned and uncontrolled way.

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14
Q

Edge city

A

A city that is located on the outskirts of a larger city

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15
Q

Boomburg

A

A suburb that has grown rapidly into a large, sprawling city with 100,000+ residents.

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16
Q

Exurb

A

A fast-growing community outside or on the edge of a metropolitan area.

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17
Q

Infill

A

Redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas that are already served by transportation and other public infrastructure

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18
Q

Range

A

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

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19
Q

Threshold

A

the minimum number of people required to support the service

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20
Q

Megacity

A

A metropolitan area with a population of more than 10 million people.

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21
Q

Metacity

A

A metropolitan area with a population of more than 20 million

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22
Q

Agglomeration

A

The tendency of enterprises in the same industry to cluster in the same area

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23
Q

Break-of-Bulk Point

A

Location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them further

24
Q

Bulk-Reducing industry

A

Industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods

25
Q

Bulk-Gaining Industry

A

Industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials

26
Q

Dual economies

A

Economies with two distinct distributions of economic activity across the economic sectors

27
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

The total value of the goods and services produced by the countries citizens and companies within the country in a year

28
Q

Industrial revolution

A

The radical change in manufacturing methods that began on Great Britain in the mid-18th century and was marked by the shift from small-scale hand-crafted, muscle-powered production to power-driven mass production

29
Q

Least-cost Theory

A

Industrial location theory proposed by Alfred Weber suggesting that businesses locate their facilities in a particular place because that location minimizes the costs of production

30
Q

Primary sector

A

Economic sector associated with removing or harvesting products from the Earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gas

31
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Economic sector that is a subset of tertiary sector activities that requires workers to process and handle information and environmental technology

32
Q

Quinary sector

A

Economic sector that is the subset of the Quaternary sector: involves the very top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and media

33
Q

Raw Materials

A

any metals, wood, or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods

34
Q

Secondary Sector

A

economic sector associated with the production of goods from raw materials, includes manufacturing, processing, and construction

35
Q

Tertiary sector

A

economic sector that includes a host of activities that involve the transport, storage, marketing, and selling of goods or services; also called the service sector

36
Q

Commodity dependence

A

an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60% of a countries export’s and economic health are tied to one or two resources

37
Q

Dependency theory

A

a theory that describes the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have with richer countries

38
Q

Formal sector

A

businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed.

39
Q

Gender Development Index (GDI)

A

a measure that calculates gender disparity in the three basic dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living

40
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

a measure that calculates Inequality based on three categories: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation

41
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population

42
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

the total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year

43
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

a measure that determines the overall development of a country by incorporating three key dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, access to education measured in expected and mean years of schooling, and standard of living measured by GNI per capita

44
Q

Informal sector

A

any part of a country’s economy that is outside of government monitoring or regulation; sometimes called the informal economy

45
Q

Labor-Market Participation (LMP)

A

rate the measures an economy’s active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age population

46
Q

Microloan

A

A very small short-term loan with low interest intended to help people in need.

47
Q

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

A

An area within a country that is subject to more favorable regulations (usually including the elimination of tariffs) to encourage foreign investments and the manufacturing of goods for export.

48
Q

Fordism

A

A highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficiency and productivity in mass production; named after Henry Ford

49
Q

Free Trade Zone (FTZ)

A

A relatively large geographical area within a country in which businesses pay few or no tariffs on good to encourage or facilitate its role in international trade.

50
Q

Just-in-Time Delivery

A

A system in which gods are delivered as needed so that companies keep in inventory only what is needed for near-term production.

51
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

The economic effect in which a change creates a larger change, such as when a new manufacturing plant grows the economy by giving rise to more related jobs and services.

52
Q

Neoliberalism

A

Beliefs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from government.

53
Q

Offshore Outsourcing

A

The condition when one or more aspects of production moves to an organization in another country.

54
Q

Post-fordism

A

System focused on small-scale batched production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market.

55
Q

Special Economic Zone (SPZ)

A

An area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations (such as tax benefits or no tariffs) to attract foreign businesses.

AP Human (4 decks)

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