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Jorge ENI > Non-endocrine gland endocrinology > Flashcards

Non-endocrine gland endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the incretins?

A

Gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Glucagon like peptide (GLP-1)

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2
Q

Where is gastrin produced from?

A

G cells in duodenum and stomach

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3
Q

What is the stimuli that causes gastrin secretion?

A

Presence of peptides and AAs in gastric lumen
Stomach distension
Vagal stimulation
Hypercalcaemia

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4
Q

What are the major effects of gastrin?

A

Stimulates release of gastric acid from parietal call - decreased pH
Stimulates release of pepsinogen from chief cells

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5
Q

Why is gastric secretion inhibited at ~pH3

A

Further decrease in pH can cause gastric ulceration

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6
Q

What is the clinical relevance of gastrin in cats and dogs

A

Gastrinomas - tumours in gastric secreting cells
Leads to excessive gastrin production => vomiting, inappetance, abdominal pain

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7
Q

Where is secretin produced?

A

duodenum

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8
Q

What stimuli causes secretin secretion?

A

H+ in SI/acid from stomach

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9
Q

What is the major effect of secretin?

A

Stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic and biliary fluid to buffer gastric acid

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10
Q

Where is cholecystokinin (CKK) produced?

A

duodenum
Brain cells

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11
Q

What is the stimuli for CCK (cholecystokinin) release?

A

fatty acids, monoglycerides and AAs in SI
Expansion of stomach after meal => CCK in brain

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12
Q

Where is gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) produced?

A

Proximal SI

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13
Q

What is the stimuli that causes the secretion of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)?

A

Fat, glucose and AAs in SI

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14
Q

What are the major effects of GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and motility
Increases release of insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels
Increases insulin sensitivity of adipocytes
Stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipocytes

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15
Q

Where is GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide) produced?

A

L-cells of ileum and jejunum

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16
Q

What stimulates GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide) secretion?

A

CHO, fat and protein in SI

17
Q

What is the effect of GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide)

A

Promotes insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon driven gluconeogenesis
Slows gastric emptying
Promotes satiety/fullness in hypothalamus

18
Q

Where is Ghrelin produced?

A

Stomach

19
Q

What stimulus causes ghrelin secretion?

A

starvation

20
Q

What is the action of ghrelin?

A

strong stimulant for appetite and feeding

21
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus is responsible for appetite regulation?

A

arcuate nucleus

22
Q

What hormones control appetite?

A

Leptin causes satiety (anorexigenic)
Ghrelin stimulates appetite (orexigenic)

23
Q

What is the action of the satiety and appetite centres in the hypothalamus?

A

Satiety centre:
- respond to high glucose levels
- inhibits eating
Appetite centre:
- responds to low glucose levels
- stimulates eating

24
Q

How do ghrelin and leptin regulate appetite?

A

Insulin and leptin interact with POMC in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to inhibit appetite
Ghrelin inhibits insulin and leptin

25
Q

What are the effects of having no leptin production/response?

A

hyperphagic - always hungry => obesity
Hypothermic
Infertile

26
Q

What is the effect of CCK

A

Released rapidly in response to a meal:
- stimulates gallbladder contraction
- secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate
- slows gastric emptying
- inhibits gastric acid secretion
- reduces food intake

27
Q

What are the most relevant adipose hormones?

A

Leptin
Adinopectin

28
Q

What is action of adinopectin?

A

improves insulin sensitivity
low in obesity and insulin resistant states

29
Q

What are the renal hormones?

A

Erythropoietin
Renin
Calcitriol

30
Q

What is the source, stimuli and function of erythropoietin

A

Produced by interstitial fibroblasts of kidney
Response of hypoxia
Promotes RBC production

31
Q

What is the source, stimuli and action of renin?

A

Produced by juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
Respond to decreased arterial pressure
Initiate RAAs to improve/increase blood pressure and volume

32
Q

Describe the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

A
33
Q

what are the heart hormones/natriuretic peptides

A

BNP
ANP

34
Q

What is the source of BNP?

A

ventricular cardiomyocytes

35
Q

What is the stimuli for BNP secretion?

A

stretch of ventricles caused by increased blood volume

36
Q

What is the action of BNP?

A

reduced vascular resistance (lower BP)
Affects afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles to increase hydrostatic pressure and promote GFR
Weakens medullary conc gradient (promote water loss)
Promotes Na loss from kidney
Reduces aldosterone production

37
Q

what is Zollinger-ellison syndrome and what are the clinical consequences?

A

Excess gastrin
Clinical consequences:
- chronic gastric ulcers due to excess gastric acid
- vomiting due to stomach acidity
- diarrhoea - acid secretion irritates intestines
- Weight loss
- dehydration
- abdominal pain
- inappetance
- Haematemsis (vomiting blood)

Jorge ENI (81 decks)

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