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GREEK > Week 11: Power Vacuum > Flashcards

Week 11: Power Vacuum Flashcards

1
Q

What was the “leaderboard” for the next few decades after the Peloponnesian War?

A
  • Sparta 404-371 BC
  • Thebes 371-362 BC
  • Athens 377-355 BC
  • Philip II 359-336 BC
  • Alexander 336-323 BC
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2
Q

How did Sparta alienate her allies?

A
  • When Lysander imposed all of his decarchies after the Peloponnesian war, he even placed them in allied cities such as Thebes and Corinth
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3
Q

Who initiates the war against the Spartans in Asia-Minor?

A

Artaxerxes

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4
Q

Which treaty ended the Corinthian War?

A

The King’s Peace

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5
Q

Who formulated the King’s Peace?

A

Artaxerxes

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6
Q

What is the name for Spartan governors?

A

Harmosts

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7
Q

What does Artaxerxes do to cause war against Sparta?

A
  • He kicks out Spartan harmosts and dismantles their decarchies in Ionia
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8
Q

After the Spartan garrison in Thebes was overthrown, what was created?

A

The Boeotian League

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9
Q

Who started the Boeotian League?

A

Pelopidas

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10
Q

In which conflict did the Persians give money to Athens?

A

-The Corinthian War

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11
Q

Which Persian king gave money to Athens?

A

Artaxerxes

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12
Q

When is the Second Athenian Confederacy formed?

A

377 BC

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13
Q

True or False

The Second Athenian Confederacy is much more moderate and less imposing than the former Delian League.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What does the Second Athenian Confederacy do to make up for the past Delian League impositions?

A
  • They remove their old cleruchies in their old allies states and return the properties to their rightful owners.
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15
Q

Which decree created the Second Athenian Confederacy?

A

The Decree of Aristoteles

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16
Q

What are the 2 terms of the Decree of Aristoteles?

A
  • Membership is VOLUNTARY
  • Athens is accountable to her voluntary allies
    (aka allies have veto power)
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17
Q

What caused the Social War of 357 BC?

A
  • Byzantion, Chios, Rhodes, and Kos withdrawal from the Second Athenian Confederacy
  • Why? Athens became increasingly dominating over the confederation
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18
Q

Which 4 states withdrew from the Second Athenian Confederacy?

A
  • Byzantion
  • Kos
  • Chios
  • Rhodes
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19
Q

What is the theory involving Philip and the Social War?

A
  • That Philip II meddled in Greek affairs to start the Social War, in order to get cover to take Athenian posessons such as Amphipolis.
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20
Q

While Athens was distracted by the Social War, what did Philip II do?

A
  • He took Athenian possessions up north such as Amphipolis, Pydna and Potideia
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21
Q

What war does Philip involve himself in?

A

The 3rd Sacred War

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22
Q

What is the Second Athenian Confederacy’s main overall strategy?

A
  • Keep what we can
  • Don’t risk being expansive
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23
Q

Where did Athens construct small garrisoned border forts?

A
  • Along the Thebes/Attica border
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24
Q

Explain the Sacred Band

A
  • 300 man Theban elite infantry unit composed of 150 pairs of male lovers
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25
Q

Who formed the Sacred Band?

A

Epaminondas and his lover Pelopidas

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26
Q

In which battle did the Thebans obliterate the Spartans?

A

Leuktra 371 BC

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27
Q

Explain the Theban tactics at the battle of Leuktra.

A
  • Thebans formed a very narrow but deep phalanx (50 man deep) to punch through the Spartan lines on the left flank
  • They set the phalanxes up diagonally (only the left flank was a narrow and deep phalanx)
  • The Spartan army is only composed of 400 Spartiates, the rest unwilling allies
  • So the Theban punch phalanx targets the 400 Spartiates and all the Spartan allies flee
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28
Q

At Leuktra, why did the Thebans place their best troops on the right flank?

A

Because traditionally in a hoplite battle, undisciplined troops shifted towards the right trying to hide behind their comrades shield to their right.

  • So, if there are disciplined troops on the right that W’ONT move, they’ll prevent the undisciplined troops from drifting right and losing cohesion
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29
Q

What 3 cities were founded by Thebes as buffer-zones to contain Sparta?

A
  • Megalopolis
  • Messene
  • Stymphalos
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30
Q

Which polis did the Thebans set up in which helots returned as freemen to their homeland?

A

Messene

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31
Q

Which battle effectively ENDS the concept of the Polis?

A

Chaeronea 338 BC

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32
Q

What city does the young Alexander burn and destroy?

A

Thebes

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33
Q

What single thing does Alexander spare when destroying Thebes?

A

Pindar’s old house

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34
Q

What advice does Jason of Pherae give to the Thebans after Leuktra?

A

Not to destroy Sparta after Leuktra

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35
Q

Which ancient historian praises Jason of Pherae for being an outstanding general?

A

Xenophon

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36
Q

What did Jason of Pherae take over to rule?

A
  • The whole of Thessaly
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37
Q

Jason of Pherae was the first major leader to _________

A

Make efforts towards his cult of personality and public image

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38
Q

How did Jason of Pherae take over Thessaly and turn it into a powerful state?

A

By using a powerful mercenary force along with the famous Thessalian cavalry

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39
Q

Who was the first ruler to speak about uniting Greeks to invade Persia?

A

Jason of Pherae

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40
Q

How did Jason of Pherae secure his public image?

A
  • Hosting religious festivals
  • Promoting public welfare
  • Preserving culture
41
Q

Why might Jason of Pherae have given the advice to the Thebans to spare the Spartans after Leuktra?

A
  • So he could become the most powerful ruler of all Greece (not let Thebans get too strong)
42
Q

True or False

Philip II and Alexander got the idea from the paradigm set by Jason of Pherae.

A

TRUE

43
Q

What does Thebes do to contain Sparta after Leuktra?

A
  • Found Megalopolis, Stymphalos and Messene
  • Fortify the pre-existing cities of Mantinea and Argos
44
Q

Which containment city was made up of Arcadian refugees?

A

Megalopolis

45
Q

True or False

Stymphalos was politically and economically independent.

A

FALSE

Stymphalos was NEVER politically or economically independent.

46
Q

What does the presence of foreign coins tell us about Stymphalos?

A

That the men couldn’t find work there, so they became mercenaries.

47
Q

Who was the first Macedonian ruler who tried to prove he was Greek?

A

Alexander Ist

48
Q

What does Alexander Ist do to prove he is really Greek?

A
  • Scored an Olympic victory
  • Took in refugees from Mycenae
49
Q

Who was the Macedonian king during the Peloponnesian War?

A

Perdiccas II

50
Q

What is Macedon busy with during the Peloponnesian War?

A
  • Fighting off Thracians
  • Fighting off Baron’s revolts
  • Dealing with Spartan and Athenian interventions up north
51
Q

Which Macedonian king transferred the capital from Aigai to Pella?

A

Archelaus

52
Q

What does Philip II emerge out of in Macedon?

A

A period of dynastic chaos

53
Q

What does Archelaus of Macedon do?

A

He cooperates with Athens and helps regrow Macedonian economy

54
Q

True or False

The Macedonians spoke both a non-Greek language, and Greek

A

True

55
Q

What did the Greeks look down on Macedonians for?

A

Not diluting their wine with water (pure barbarism)

56
Q

Why is Macedonian kingship so weak?

A
  • Open area completely reliant on feudal system
  • Kings try to stay on the good side of barons
  • But, most barons are jealous and want to be king
  • So they always revolt
57
Q

Why are the most Macedonian kings eventually assassinated?

A
  • Because the Barons all want to be kings
  • So the Barons assassinate them
58
Q

Which famous Greek tragic poet does King Archilaus host?

A

Euripides

59
Q

Who founded the Mausoleum?

A

Mausolus (satrap)

60
Q

What queen is buried in the Mausoleum?

A

Artemesia

61
Q

Where did Philip II grow up?

A
  • In Thebes
  • As a hostage to Epaminondas
62
Q

Where was Alexander the Great born?

A
  • Pella
  • In the Royal Palace there
63
Q

What would Philip II put on his coins to emphasize his “Greekness”?

A
  • Symbols of his Olympic victories
64
Q

Where was Philip assassinated?

A
  • Theatre at Aigai Vergina
65
Q

Instead of Poleis’, Thessaly had ________

A

Ethnes (ethnicities)

66
Q

What are Philip’s big military reforms?

A
  • Introduction of the Sarissa
  • Use of artillery
  • Introduction of more diversified military units (inspired by Sacred Band)
  • Hugely expands the Cavalry (because Thessaly and Macedonia have tons of horses)
67
Q

Who is the first to ask for Philip’s help?

A

Thessaly

68
Q

Philip declared his soldiers to be his _______________

A

Pezhetaroi (foot companions)

69
Q

What were Philip’s 2 big social reforms?

A
  • Appeals to the serfs to join his army to become his pezhetaroi
  • Creates the Royal Pages
70
Q

What are the Royal Pages?

A
  • Nobles sons who become pages (valets) to Philip
  • AKA he takes them hostage and disguises it as some great honour
  • i.e If the nobles try anything funny Philip has their sons ransom
71
Q

What 4 cities does Philip annex as his first course of action?

A
  • Amphipolis
  • Pydna
  • Methone
  • Potidea
72
Q

What 2 cities does Philip found?

A
  • Philippi
  • Dion
73
Q

Who does Philip ally himself with initially?

A

The Molossians

74
Q

How does Philip ally himself with the Molossians?

A
  • He marries a Molossian woman (Olympias) (Alexander’s mother)
75
Q

How many wives did Philip have officially?

A

7

76
Q

What was Philips key to power and popular support

A

He fights and suffers alongside his men (slept in the same tent, etc.)

77
Q

How did Philip lose his eye?

A

He got an arrow or a crossbow bolt to the eye

78
Q

Who tries to take over Delphi, causing the 3rd Sacred War?

A
  • The Phokians
79
Q

True or False:

Philip is invited to help against the Phokians in the 3rd Sacred War.

A

TRUE

80
Q

At which battle did Philip obliterate the Phokians?

A

Crocus Field

81
Q

After his victory at Crocus, Philip is declared ______________

A

Tagos of Thessaly

82
Q

What does Philip gain control of after the 3rd Sacred War?

A

The Amphictionic league

(replaces the Thebans as its leader)

83
Q

After which conflict is Philip II proclaimed “leader of all Greece”

A

3rd Sacred War

84
Q

What is the name of the Peace treaty between Athens and Philip?

A

Peace of Philocrates (346)

85
Q

Who is Demosthenes’ opponent in the Philippic arguments?

A

Aeschines

86
Q

What do Demosthenes and Aeschines clash over?

A

Appeasement or confrontation of Philip

87
Q

Who proposes appeasement to Philip?

A

Aeschines

88
Q

Who is our source for the battle of Chaeronea?

A

Diodorus

89
Q

What 2 major allies finally stand up to Philip at the Battle of Chaeronea?

A
  • Athens
  • Thebes
90
Q

In what year was the battle of Chaeronea?

A

338 BC

91
Q

What unit was completely obliterated at the battle of Chaeronea?

A

The Sacred Band

92
Q

Instead of punishing the Greeks after Chaeronea, what does Philip found?

A

The Corinthian League

93
Q

In what year was the Corinthian League founded by Philip?

A

338 BC

94
Q

True or False:

Philip elects himself hegemon of the Corinthian League.

A

True

95
Q

What was the name of Philip’s temple at Olympia?

A

The Philipeion

96
Q

Why was the Philipeion controversial?

A

Because only gods could have a temple at a sacred site named after them.

97
Q

What does Philip plan after Chaeronea?

A

To invade Persia

98
Q

What 2 pre-existing cities does Thebes fortify after Leutkra to help contain Sparta?

A
  • Mantinea
  • Argos

GREEK (12 decks)

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