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Personality Theories > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q
  • Real self
A

the person you are (experiential system)

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2
Q

What is flow?

A

When you are “in-the-zone” of something you enjoy

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3
Q
  • Ideal self
A

the person you want to be
o Rational self (social norms)
o In the future, not real

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4
Q

Why is ideal self flawed?

A

o Cannot know where you are going because you have never been there (psychologically)

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5
Q

What is the state of consciousness?

A

The connection of real and ideal self

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6
Q

Why do many people fail to connect their real and ideal selves?

A
  • Generous (ideal self) self-created because of my selfish self (real self)
  • Since the generous self-came from selfish self, it is actually selfish
  • Practice generosity in a selfish way
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7
Q

What are the two steps to mindfulness?

A

 1. Acknowledge it (DO NOT say should/wishful thinking/ideal self)
 2. You start to do whatever you were not doing (You stop whatever you were doing)

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8
Q
  • Past self
A

the person you were

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9
Q

How are the 3 selves connected?

A

o Real self makes assumptions based on past self to predict ideal self

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10
Q

Whos theory involves the selves?

A

Carl Rodgers (person-centered theory)

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11
Q

What are tensions/anxieties according to Rodgers

A

o Pressure between ideal and real self

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12
Q

What is the difference between humanistic and existential therapy

A
  • humanists believe that each of us has a
    natural potential that we can actualize and through which we can find meaning

-Existentialists focus on the anxiety that ensues from having to create an identity in world that lacks intrinsic meaning

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13
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

Conditions of worth
- using words like: shoulds, musts, always

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14
Q
  • Self-acutalizing tendency
A

striving toward realization (real self; you think you want what society wants you to want), fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination

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15
Q

Rodgers is view of human nature is concerned with…

A

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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16
Q

The 3 Therapeutic Goals in Rogerian Theory

A
  • Provide a climate for the client to self-actualize
  • Have to come face-to-face with one’s ideal self that was created through socialization
  • Signs that client is coming self-actualized: an openness to trust in themselves and internal source of evaluation, a willingness to continue growing
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17
Q

TEST ON ALDRIAN AND SELF PSYCHOLOGY

A
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18
Q
  • State of incongruence
A

anxiety from discrepancy between real and ideal self

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19
Q

Why do clients come into therapy (rodgers)

A
  • They come for therapy because feelings helpless, powerless, and not in control of their lives
  • Less bound by the past and the future; freer to live in the moment
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20
Q

What are the therapeutic core conditions (3 of them)

A

congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding

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21
Q

o Congruence

A

 To be authentic; inner experiences and outer expressions of those experiences match
 Openly expresses feelings, thoughts, reactions in the here-and-now to enhance the therapeutic relationship

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22
Q

o Unconditional positive regard

A

 Non-judgmental of client’s feelings, thoughts, behaviors
* Ex. Pedophiles (sin from sinner)
 A sense of caring for the clients’ well-being that does not come from one’s own need to be liked and appreciated
* “Are you doing things for them or are you trying to prove you are caring”

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23
Q

o Accurate Empathic Understanding

A

 To sense client’s subjective experience in the here and. Now as if they were his or her own without getting lost in them
 Empathy at the emotional and cognitive levels to understand the meaning and feelings of a clients experience
* Perspective taking

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24
Q
  • Dasein
A

being-in-world; inherent need for all of us exist in the world and to achieve a sense of being autonomous and distinct
o My existence is making a difference

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25
Q

How does one live a meaningful life?

A

by affirming and asserting our Dasein in the face of pressures to conform, misguided rules and standards and DEATH

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26
Q

where does anxiety come from?

A

an awareness of an eventual end to our being through death, and the impending psychological destruction posed by rejection and insults

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27
Q

how is anxiety different from fear?

A

anxiety is ontological- it is born out of the clash between being and the threat of non-being

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28
Q

Why is it bad to avoid discussion of death?

A

Then we deny our Dasein, and choose conformity or apathy

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

Why is it important to accept proposition 6?

A

o Death gives significance to life by reminding us to appreciate the present moment
o Death can be the source of zest for life and creativity

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30
Q

What is important in order to be healthy according to existential psychology

A

accept this anxiety as inevitable part of being, meaning fully accept nonbeing as an inseparable part of being

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31
Q

What is proposition 4?

A

Search for Meaning

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31
Q

What is proposition 6?

A

Proposition 6: Awareness of Death and Nonbeing

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31
Q

Why is proposition 5 important?

A

o We avoid anxiety by creating an illusion of security
o Life is inherently meaningless
 Attach meaning to things (ex. a rose is just a flower)
 Meaning is that we exist

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31
Q

What is proposition 5?

A
  • Proposition 5: Anxiety as a Condition of Living

o Existential anxiety arises as a result of confronting our death, meaninglessness, freedom, isolation (we cannot change about ourselves/I am not ___), aloneness, and our basic fallibility

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32
Q

How are old values connected with our meaning?

A

 Anxiety created as result of discarding old values (traditions) and not creating new ones
 Natural to flounder for a while as a result of the absence of clear-out values
* Ex. Marriage was created, but we do not dare change it

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33
Q

How is meaninglessness connected with our meaning?

A

 Emptiness and hollowness= existential vacuum
 If I am going to eventually die, why should I bother doing anything?
 Everything just is
* Ex. giving a rose to someone, but in the end, it’s just a flower with no meaning?

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34
Q

How do we create new meaning?

A

 Meaning/happiness is created from engagement with what is valued
 Meaning cannot be obtained directly; must be pursued obliquely
* Changing parts of society and making them applicable to you

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35
Q

What is proposition 3?

A

Striving for identity and relationship with others

36
Q

What is the courage to be?

A

 Our greatest challenge is to confront our fear that there is no core, no self, but merely a reflection of others
* Afraid to look at self and see empty inside

37
Q

What is The experience of aloneness

A

 We alone must define meaning to life
 We alone must decide how we want to live
* This activity is meaningful to me -> creates courage to be self

38
Q

What is the Experience of relatedness

A

 Being able to stand alone leads to fulfilling and not deprived relationships
 Distinguished between neurotic dependence and life-affirming relationship

39
Q

What is Struggling with our identity

A

 Ritualistic behavior patterns attached to an identity acquired early in life
* Ex. What you eat for breakfast, why do you beat yourself up psychologically,
 Not in the “being” mode, but a “doing mode”

40
Q

What is proposition 2?

A

Freedom and responsibility

41
Q

Why is freedom and responsibility important?

A

o We are free to choose among alternatives to shape our destiny
o We long for freedom but we run from it when we are asked to choose
 Ex. choosing the “wrong” choice
* Not willing to accept responsibility

42
Q

o Freedom

A

responsible for our lives for our actions and for our failures to take action
 Not doing something, is still doing something

43
Q

o Existential guilt

A

knowing we have chosen not to choose and contributes to a sense of incompleteness (“I’m not what I have become”); have given in to anxiety and have not risen to do what we know is possible for us to do

 I want to choose so I can have a sense of my own power (I don’t wanna be someone’s doormat)
 Take responsibility of own life

44
Q

o Authenticity

A

the courage to be who we want to be; based on what is a valuable existence for me
 I choose what I want from my life
* Ex. I want to go to nail school; not go to college

45
Q

What is proposition 1?

A

Capacity for self-awareness

46
Q

o Consequences of dependence

A

identity is defined by others (need for approval)
 Ex. Want someone to validate us (mirrored grandiosity)
 Do what other people want us to do

47
Q

o Price for becoming self-aware

A

movement from deadness to turmoil

48
Q

Why is it hard to become self-aware?

A

o Preoccupied with past, planning for the future, and doing too many things at once – not living in the moment
o Preoccupied with avoiding suffering (anxiety) and death and not appreciating living

49
Q

What realm is concerned with the future?

A

psychological

50
Q

What are therapy goals of existentialism

A
  • Become more present with oneself and others
  • Identify factors that block our ability to be fully present
    o Why does life suck?
  • Assume responsibility for our one lives
    o Ex. experiencing racism, still need to take responsibility that racism exists and what am I gonna do about it?
  • To live a more enriched life
51
Q

What are the therapist function/goals of existentialism

A
  • Help clients accept responsibility for their lives
    o ex. feel life is meaningless, you haven’t found your own meaning, you are living off other people’s sense of meaning
  • Help clients move away from “restricted existence” that is stifling their present existence
    o Only doing what others want you to do
52
Q

Client experience in existentialism

A
  • Experiment with new ways of being in the outside world
  • Loosen their “deterministic shackles”
    o You do something you enjoy, tell other people to fuck off <3
  • Confront ultimate concerns instead of being solution-oriented
    o Take away from immediate problem
53
Q

What is the Relationship between therapist and client?

A
  • “here-and-now” is stressed through genuine concern and empathy
    o No past/future questions
  • Therapy is viewed as a social microcosm
    o Therapist can get sense of other relationships
  • Journey of self-discovery taken both by the client and the therapist
54
Q
  • Holism
A

o You must know WHOLE not just a part, do not pay attention to just 1 thing

55
Q
  • Phenomenological
A

focus on clients perceptions of reality

56
Q
  • Process-based
A

focus is not on content (how clients behave in the present is far more important than why they behave as they do)
o Ex. fist punching, “what is your fist doing, make it talk, what does it say”

57
Q
  • Experiential
A

direct experiencing is much more important than abstractly talking about a situation
o Concerned with experiential system/implicit beliefs (not rational)

58
Q

Contact

A

connection with the external world (e.g., other people) and internal world (e.g., disowned parts) are monitored
o Ex. how you eat breakfast every day vs. how you talk to your significant other (external world)
o Ex. anger at father, however according to society you ignore that part of you (internal world)

59
Q
  • Paradoxical theory of change
A

to “be” as fully as possible, rather than becoming what we “should be”

60
Q

Real vs Ideal self

A

 Selfish self (real self) vs generous self (ideal self) – your way of being generous is your selfish self
 If you try to be generous, you are not focused on your selfishness; you are still selfish even if you think you are generous
 To be generous you must first accept you are selfish

61
Q
  • Interest in whole person
A

thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, memory, and dreams are all tended to equally
o Whole is more important than sum

62
Q
  • Figure
A

experiences that are the most important
o Ex. 2 photos within one

63
Q
  • Ground
A

experiences that are out of awareness in the “background”
o Cues: physical gestures, tone of voice, demeanor, and other nonverbal
 Ex. brushing your hair
 Soothing yourself

64
Q
  • Field theory
A

need to understand clients within their environment which is constantly changing. Everything is considered to be influx, interrelated and relational

65
Q
  • Figure-formation process:
A

the background and become the figure and the figure can become the background at any given moment
o Putting things you do not accept into the background and things you accept into figure
 Ex. “I am racist” in figure while “I am not racist” in background
o ALWAYS HAPPENING (life is suffering)

66
Q
  • Organismic self-regulation
A

equilibrium is disturbed by the emergence of a need, a sensation or interest from the background. Can take actions to restore equilibrium or make contacts that promote growth and change

67
Q

How do you restore equilibrium?

A

going against what is true/what makes you feel better
 Ex. I’m not racist, I posted a black box on insta for black people

68
Q
  • The now (phenomenological inquiry
A

pay attention to what is happening now to contact the present moment. Focusing on the past (dead) or future (fantasy) is a way to avoid present. Do not ask “why”, ask “what” and “how”. Focus on what’s happening NOW

69
Q
  • Unfinished business
A

lack of resolution will result in resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt, and abandonment; these feelings that not fully experienced in awareness linger in the background and interfere with effective contact with oneself and others and lead to: preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness, and self-defeating behavior

70
Q
  • Impasse
A

feeling stuck because the customary way of doing things does not work
o Ex. pull out phone but you can’t avoid your problems/unfinished business

71
Q
  • Resistance to contact
A

refusal to experience the present to a full and real way, which results in dysfunctional behavior if it’s chronic

72
Q

o Introjection

A

Uncritically accept others’ beliefs and standards
 Take everything in, no questions

73
Q

What are boundary disturbances

A

defense mechanisms used to become closer with other people

74
Q

o Projection

A

Seeing in others qualities that we refuse to acknowledge in ourselves
 We are just blah

75
Q

o Retroflection

A

Doing to ourselves what we would like to do others or doing for ourselves what we would like someone else to do for us
 What you want to do to someone else and you do it to yourself
* Ex. self-harm (not only reason for self-harm)
* Ex. Masturbation

76
Q

o Deflection

A

Distraction or veering off from topic (e.g., humor, abstractions, questions)

77
Q

o Confluence

A

Blur differentiation between self and environment (not rock the boat) because of a high need for being accepted. Symptoms: absence of conflict, slowness to anger, and believe that everyone experiences the same feelings and thoughts
 Why you are bad at dealing with conflicts
 Can’t get mad at the person, but super angry alone

78
Q
  • Interruptions in contact lead to:
A

Employ boundary disturbances to control environment

79
Q

Gestalt THERAPEUTIC GOALS

A
  • Awareness includes knowing the environment, knowing oneself, accepting oneself, and making contact
  • Awareness = contact = integration of disowned parts
  • Identity is not static, we are constantly discovering parts of ourselves as we face new challenges
80
Q

Top dog

A

the “critical parent” that manipulates with threats
 Ex. “stop playing games and go to bed!”
 Male in straight relationship

81
Q

Underdog

A

manipulates by playing the powerless victim; finds excuses
 Ex. “I wanna keep playing games”
 female is straight relationship

82
Q

o Empty chair technique

A

a powerful tool for identifying this constant struggle
 Pretend someone is in the other chair
 Good with veterans

83
Q
  • Reversal exercise
A

Do the opposite of what one is comfortable with
o Ex. only wear black; wear something super flashy (figure formation focus)
 DO NOT CARE where people got the idea

84
Q
  • Rehearsal exercise
A

Share private rehearsals out loud to increase spontaneity
- Exaggeration exercise: exaggerates movements, gestures, and postures to become aware of a subtle signals and cues
o Ex. shaking your leg

85
Q
  • Staying with the feeling
A

avoid fleeing from uncomfortable feelings and experience the pain fully to enhance growth
o Don’t run away when you are confronted with truths about yourself (I am racist)

86
Q

Gestalt therapists goals/function

A
  • Values self-discovery in clients
  • Does not make interpretations
  • Pays attention to client’s body language (nonverbal cues), which provide clues to feelings that the client is unaware and to discrepancies (incongruities)
    o “I am Groot” vs “I am fine”
  • Is also attentive to language pattern
87
Q

Gestalt client experience

A
  • Active participant who make their own interpretations and meaning
88
Q

discovery

A

realization about self or see something old in a new way
 Ex. realization of issues regarding trust & etc.

89
Q

accommodation

A

recognizing that they have a choice about how to respond

90
Q

assimilation

A

learning to influence the environment and not be passive – ability to improvise
 Ability to be spontaneous
 Ability to accept change/not have control
 Ability to make FULL CONTACT helps realize future anxieties about similar situations

91
Q

Gestalt RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT

A
  • Person-to-person relationship between therapist and client
  • Not technique-bound, relationship is what really counts
92
Q

Gestalt Therapy Techniques

A
  • Experiment: shift the focus of counseling from talking about a topic to an experiential activity that will heighten the client’s awareness and understanding
  • Experiments are not exercises; they are spontaneous and relevant to the moment
  • Technique to bring out internal conflict and “unstuck” the client
  • Confrontation: point out discrepancies

Personality Theories (3 decks)

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