4.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

5 words/steps to remember cell communication and the specific immune response

A

Exposure/presentation, selection, expansion/proliferation, differentiation, action

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2
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Smaller than pathogens
Large nucleus that almost fills the cell
Made in bone marrow

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3
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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4
Q

T lymphocytes features

A

Mature in the thymus
Have highly specific receptors in their membrane

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5
Q

What do T lymphocytes do

A

Respond to changed cells
Selection of correct T cell leads to differentiation into a variety of T cells

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6
Q

‘Changed cells’ examples

A

Infected cells, antigen-presenting cells, ‘non-self’ cells, mutated cell

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7
Q

4 types of T cells

A

T helper, T killer, T memory, T regulator

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8
Q

B lymphocytes features

A

Remain in the bone marrow until mature
Congregate in lymph nodes and spleen

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9
Q

What do B lymphocytes do

A

Have highly specific antibodies in the membrane

Selection of correct B cell leads to differentiation into ‘B plasma/effector’ cells (which produce antibodies) and ‘B memory cells

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10
Q

What do T-lymphocytes form

A

Cell mediated response

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11
Q

What do B lymphocytes form

A

The ‘humoral response’

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12
Q

Exposure/presentation

A

Pathogens in body
Macrophages engulf pathogens and present the pathogen antigens on their own cell surface membrane

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13
Q

Selection

A

Highly specific receptors - (T cells)
Antibody receptors- (B cells)
Cell is selected

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14
Q

Expansion/proliferation

A

Selected cell divides by mitosis

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15
Q

Differention

A

Cells differentiate for specific roles

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16
Q

Action in T cells

A

The differentiated cells act

17
Q

T regulator cells

A

Suppress immune system acting to control and regulate it

Stops immune response once pathogen has been eliminated

18
Q

T killer cells

A

Destroys the infected cells carrying the antigen by producing a chemical called perforing which makes holes in the cell membrane so it is freely permeable allowing toxins to enter

19
Q

T memory cells

A

Remain in the blood and if it meets antigen again they divide rapidly forming clones of T killer cells that destroy pathogens

20
Q

T helper cells

A

Produce interleukins which stimulate activity of B cell, increasing antibody production

21
Q

B plasma cells

A

Makes antibodies and releases into circulation

22
Q

B effector cells

A

Divide to form the plasma cell clones

23
Q

B memory cells

A

Remember specific antigen and enable body to make a rapid response

24
Q

How many antibodies can each B cell produce

A

Each B cell can only produce one type of antibody and each B cell is unique