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Human bio definitions > Chapter 6 - digestive system > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Active transport

A

Use of energy to move substances, usually ions across a cell membrane

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Bile
- where from
- what does it do

A

Secretion of the liver, stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine. Contains bile salts that mechanically digest fats through the process of emulsification.

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4
Q

Bile salts

A

Bile is made up of bile salts. Substances that break fats into tiny droplets (emulsifies salts)

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5
Q

Bolus

A

A ball like structure of food and saliva

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6
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of food to small molecules by chemicals

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7
Q

Chyme

A

Semifluid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach

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8
Q

Circular muscle

A

Smooth muscle with fibres arranged in a circle around an organ like the stomach

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9
Q

Deoxyribonuclease

A

An enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests DNA

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10
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body

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11
Q

Digestive system role

A

breaks down the food taken into the body into smaller components ready for absorption into the cells

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12
Q

Emulsify

A

Process of breaking down large fat globules into smaller droplets toenable them to mix with the enzymes.
The SA of the fat increases making it easier for digestive enzymes to access and break down the fat molecules.

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13
Q

Elimination - digestive system

A

Removal from the body - removal of indigestible material from the body. Use the term elimation when describing the removal of faeces.

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14
Q

Faeces

A

Material passed out of the rectum. Composed of undigested matter

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15
Q

Gastric juice
- composed of

A

The digestive juice secreted by the glands of the stomach.
- HCl
- Gastric protease
- Mucus

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16
Q

Ingestion

A

Intake of food and liquids into the mouth

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17
Q

intestinal juice
- what does it digest
- contains enzymes

A

Digestive juice secreted by the glands of the small intestine. Complete the digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
- Amylase
- Peptidase
- Lipase

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18
Q

Lacteal

A

Lymph capillary in villus diagram in the small intestine that absorbs fat from digested food

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19
Q

Large intestine

A

Part of the intestine between the small intestine and the anus. Made up of the caecum, colon and rectum. Undergoes perstalsis contractions to move food along the intestinal tract. Where much of the remaining water is absorbed from the remaining compound.

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20
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

Smooth muscle with fibres arranged lengthwise along an organ.

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21
Q

Mastication - process

A

Process of chewing to grind or crush food with the teeth

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22
Q

Mechanical digestion
- example

A

Mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles. Stomach churns particles, segmentation in small intestine, teeth grind food

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23
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic projections from the membranes of cells living the small intestine. They increase the surface area for absorption.

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24
Q

Mucosa membrane

A

Internal surface of the entire digestive system. Protective barrier against enzymes.

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25
Q

Oesophagus

A

Tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach

26
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down starches - to disaccharides

27
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Liquid secreted by the pancreas that is full of digestive enzymes. Aids in digestion in the small intestine.

28
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

Enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down fats - fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

Pancreatic protease

A

Enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down proteins - peptides

30
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular contraction that push food along the alimentary canal. In oesopghas and small intestines and large intestine. Move ingested materials through the digestive tract.

31
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat. Joins the mouth cavity to the oesophagus and the trachea

32
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum.

33
Q

Ribonuclease

A

Enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests RNA

34
Q

Saliva

A

Fluid secreted into the mouth by salivary glands to begin the digestion of food (chemical)

35
Q

Segmentation

A

Mechanical digestion process occurring in the small intestine which uses the contraction of circular muscles to push the chyme into segments, mixing it with digestive juices

36
Q

Small intestine
- size
- receives
- absorption maximised by
- M and C

A

Longest part of the alimentary canal, receives material from the stomach. Internal surface is lined with villi and microvilli to increase SA for absorption.
C - pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
M - Bile and segmentation

37
Q

Stomach - what it does to the material

A

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with acid and enzymes to form chyme

38
Q

Villi

A

Finger like projections from the internal lining of the small intestine. Enodethlial cells covering the outside of the villi have microscopic projections called microvili

39
Q

chemical digestion
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids and glycerol
40
Q

HCl in gastric juice

A

Acidic environment kills bacteria and activates gastric protease

41
Q

Mucus in gastric juice

A

Protects the lining of the stomach as of the acidic environment from the HCl in gastric juice

42
Q

Gastric protease enzyme in gastric juice

A

Begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach when activated by HCl

43
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine. where gastric protease in the chyme from the stomach become inactive from the more neutral environment that is created by the bile and other juices secreted into the small intestine.

44
Q

Intestinal amylase

A

Disaccharides to glucose

45
Q

Intestinal peptidase

A

Peptides to amino acids

46
Q

Intestinal lipase

A

Converts lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

47
Q
A
48
Q

6 basic activities of digestion system performed

A
  1. ingestion of food
  2. mechanical break.
  3. chemical break.
  4. movement along alimentary canal
  5. absorption
  6. elimination
49
Q

M and C digestion in mouth cavity

A

M - teeth
C - saliva containing salivary amylase

50
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produces saliva which contains mucus to lubricate the mouth and enzyme salivary amylase that begins the breakdown of starch

51
Q

Cardiac sphincter
- regulates
- prevents

A

Regulates passageway of food and liquids from the oesophagus into the stomach.
Prevents the acidic contents of the stomach regurgitating back into the oesophagus.

52
Q

M and C in the stomach

A

M - churning action breaks down bolus
C - when gastric protease is activated by HCl, begins breakdown of proteins

53
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Muscular ring between stomach and small intestine. Controls movement of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum to ensure it is released in small manageable amounts for proper digestion.

54
Q

Large intestine
- made of
- absorbs

A

No villi and no digestive juices secreted but the lining does secrete large amounts of mucus.
Where the remaining water from faeces and important vitamins made by bacteria that act on remaining compound are absorbed.

55
Q

Structure located at the junction between small and large intestine

A

Caecum

56
Q

Attached to caecum.

A

Appendix. Role in immunity and storing useful bacteria.

57
Q

Colon
- size
- movement

A

Longest part of large intestine, very slow movement of materials through peristalsis allows for water reabsorption.

58
Q

Rectum

A

Final part of L.I where faeces are formed and stored before elimination.

59
Q

Alimentary canal plays role in digestion

A

Each part of alimentary canal has specialized structures and functions that contribute to the overall process of digestion and nutrient absorption.

60
Q

Accessory organs in the digestive system

A

Assist in digestive process but are not part of the digestive tract itself.

Human bio definitions (8 decks)

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