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Geography > Changing UK economy > Flashcards

Changing UK economy Flashcards

1
Q

What is deindustrialisation

A

the decline in manufacturing industry and the subsequent growth in tertiary and quaternary employment

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2
Q

why has deindustrialisation occured in the UK

A
  • machines and technology has replaced people in modern industries
  • cheaper goods in other countries as labour is less expensive
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3
Q

what is globalisation

A

the growth and spread of ideas around the world
e.g. movement of cultures, people, money goods and information

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4
Q

What were government policies in 1945-1979

A

money was spent on ‘propping up’ declining UK industries

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5
Q

What were the government policies in 1980-2010

A

State run industries sold of to private shareholders to create a more compeititive business environment

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6
Q

Government policies 2010 onwards

A

‘rebalance’ the economy
- improvements to transport infrastructure (HS2)
- more investment in manufacturing industries

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7
Q

What are the different sectors of economy

A

primary - agriculture, mining, fishing etc
secondary - manufacturing
tertiary - service and retail
quaternary - research and knowledge based industries

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8
Q

What is a post industrial economy

A

where manufacturing industry declines and the corresponding development of the quaternary sector

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9
Q

How has information technology helped the UK move to a post industrial economy

A
  • computers allow large amounts of data to be stored and accessed very quickly
  • internet enables people to communicate instantly across the world
  • many people can access to the internet using smart phones and tablets
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10
Q

How has information technology affected the UK economy

A
  • more people working from home
  • many new businesses involved with IT, manufacturing hardware and designing software
  • UK is one of the most leading digital economies
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11
Q

how many people in the UK work in the IT sector

A

over 1.3 million

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12
Q

How has research helped the economy

A
  • it employs over 60,000 highly qualified people
  • estimated to contribute over £3 billion to the UK economy
  • research done in British universities
  • as well as by private companys and government bodies
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13
Q

What is the British Antarctic Survey (BAS)

A

research in polar regions develops understanding of the earth and human impact on its natural systems
Involves the use of ships, aircraft and research stations

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14
Q

What is a science park

A

a science park is a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site

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15
Q

What is a business park

A

an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

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16
Q

Why are businesses typically located on the edges of towns and city’s

A
  • land is cheaper
  • surrounding land allows expansion of businesses
  • access is better for workers and distribution (A roads, motorways, less congestion etc)
  • Businesses benefit from working together
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17
Q

What benefits does Cambridge science park bring to Cambridge

A
  • Hi technology industries provide jobs
  • other companies have developed to supply the hi-technology firms with equipment services etc
  • These companys will also emply people, multiplier effect beings to develop
18
Q

What is Cambridge science park + location

A
  • the oldest Science Park in the United Kingdom
  • It is a concentration of science and technology related businesses
  • Has strong links with the nearby university
19
Q

Cambridge science park is home to how many businesses

A

more than 100 businesses involved in lots of areas of expertise such as medical, It and environmental

20
Q

How is Cambridge Science Park environmentally friendly

A
  • there are recycling facilities
  • landscaping to attract more wildlife to the area
21
Q

How do modern manufacturing industries (e.g. mining and quarrying) effect landscape and environment

A
  • manufacturing plants can look very dull so have a negative effect on the aesthetics of the landscape
  • can cause water and air pollution
  • waste products taken to landfill, harming air, water, soil
  • transport of raw materials increases air pollution
22
Q

how can industrial development be more sustainable

A
  • technology used to reduce harful emissions
  • desulfurisation can remove harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide from power station chimneys
  • stricter environmental targets
  • heavy fines when a pollution indicent occurs
23
Q

how does quarrying harm the environment

A
  • destroys natural habitats
  • pollutes nearby water courses
24
Q

how can companies restore the quarry after its been used

A
  • agriculture
  • habitat creation
  • housing
25
Q

Torr Quarry
how many employed?
how much does it contribute to the economy?

A

over 100 people employed
contributes more than £15 million

26
Q

How does Torr Quarry aim to be environmentally sustainable

A
  • being restored to create wildlife lakes
  • limestone features to make landscape look more natural
  • transporting output by rail (minimising impact on local roads)
  • planting grass and trees around the site
27
Q

3 reasons why rural areas are growing

A
  • counter- urbanisation: the movement of people away from cities to the countryside
  • commuter- settlements: act as a residential area, people live there but travel away for work each day
  • dormintory towns: a small communtiy that no longer has major industries
28
Q

what has caused counter urbanisation

A
  • aging population
  • polluted cities
  • expensive housing
  • increases in technology allows more remote working
29
Q

example of an area of population growth and an area of population decline

A

growth - South Cambridgeshire
decline - The Outer Hebrides

30
Q

social impacts of a growing population

A
  • increased traffic congestion
  • young people can’t afford the high cost of housing and move away
  • modern developments on the edge of town can lead to dispute
31
Q

economic impacts of a growing population

A
  • lack of affordable housing
  • reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell their land
  • pressure on services and costs
32
Q

why is the population of the Outer Hebrides decreasing

A

mainly due to outward migration as young people chose to move in search of better-paid employment

33
Q

social impacts of a declining population

A
  • number of school children declining so schools may close
  • fewer people of working age
  • ageing population don’t have the care of young people
34
Q

economic impacts of population decline

A
  • many small services (e.g post offices) are declining
  • increased tourism (infrastructure is unable to support large scale)
35
Q

road improvements in the UK + plans of the ‘Road Investment Strategy’

A
  • aims to increase capacity and improve conditions of roads
  • adding extra lanes onto main motorways to tackle congestion
36
Q

what is the South west super highway

A

a road widening project of the A303
will create hundreds of construction jobs
will involve digging a tunnel under stone henge

37
Q

Railway improvements in the UK
London’s Crossrail (how many people expected to use it each year)

A

Costing 15 billion
- will improve journey times across London (easing congestiong and offering better connections)
- around 200 million passengers are expected to use Crossrail each year

38
Q

UK Port developent + example

A

liverpool 2
a new container terminal will double the port’s capacity
- create thousands of jobs
- boost the economy
- reuce amount of freight traffic on roads

39
Q

How are UK’s airports being developed - 3 options

A
  • a new runway at Heathrow
  • increasing length of one of the existing runways
  • constructing a new runway at Gatwick
40
Q

why is there disputes about new runways

A

people concered about the noise
complaints about the environmental impacts and needs for rehousing

Geography (14 decks)

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