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MEMORISING. > BIO > Flashcards

BIO Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three cell theory statements.

A
  1. Every living thing is made out of cells.
  2. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells divide to produce new cells.
  3. Cells are the simplest form of living things. Anything smaller than that is non-existing.
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2
Q

Name 5 qualities of a cell

A
  1. Grow and develop
  2. Redevelop
  3. Reacts to changes
  4. Adapts to their surroundings
  5. Use and need energy
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3
Q

Who advanced the microscope for us to be able to see cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Name all stages before, during, and after Mitosis

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes and 92 sister chromatids.

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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

They are cells without a specific job or function.

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7
Q

What do stem cells have the potential to become?

A

They can become muscle, skin, nerve cells through differentiation.

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8
Q

When are stem cells used?

A

To replace worn out cells when they die.

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9
Q

What are scientists hoping to do with stem cells?

A

They are hoping to make specialized and personal medicine which replace damaged bodily tissues also known as regenerative medicine.

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10
Q

What units do cells use?

A

Micrometer (µm)

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11
Q

What do viruses not do unlike cells?

A

They cannot grow in size or reproduce on their own. They need a host cell in order to reproduce. They are kind of alive.

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12
Q

Are prokaryotes uni or multi cellular?

A

Unicellular

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13
Q

Are eukaryotes uni or multicellular?

A

Both!

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14
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A

Plants, protists, animals, fungus

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15
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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16
Q

Why did it take longer to tell what animal cells were?

A

It is cause they lack a cell wall.

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17
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Mutations and changes happen in the cells nucleus which contains DNA. If there are missing genes, too many copies, or they aren’t in the right order, the cells will start to grow uncontrollably.

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18
Q

Two types of tumours

A

Cancerous Tumours: Malignant
Non-cancer Tumours: Benign

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19
Q

What is it called with cancer start expanding to other parts of the body?

A

Metastasis

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20
Q

What are the three types of treatments?

A

Surgery - Taking out all of some body parts affected
Chemotherapy - Taken by IV or pill which kills and slows down cancer kills.
Radiation - Like an x-ray which also slows down and kills cancer.

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21
Q

Top 3 leading risks of cancer?

A

Tobacco, Excess Body Weight, Alcohol

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22
Q

Why does age matter when it comes to cancer?

A

The simplest reason is because the older we get, we accumulate more damage to our cells due to environmental factors like UV radiation and chronic inflammation.

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23
Q

What theory do scientists have when it comes to older people become more prone to cancer?

A

Just like humans lose memories the older they get, the cells also start to lose memory over years and forget how to function properly.

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24
Q

How is cancer diagnosed when spread onto multiple body parts?

A

Your cancer diagnosis stays the same as where your cancer first started out in .

25
Q

What are the different cancer levels?

A

There are four levels, the higher the level, the different treatments you will receive and the higher risk of death you are at.

26
Q

Where are human genes found?

A

Inside chromosomes inside the cell.

27
Q

Where do children get their chromosomes from?

A

From their parents egg and sperm cells, this is why they share traits, physical features, and diseases.

28
Q

Why are men more prone to getting diseases from their genetics?

A

This is cause men only have one X chromosome (XY) whilst women have 2 x chromosomes to get through (XX).

29
Q

What are inherited vs. acquired mutations?

A

Inherited mutations come from the parent cells whilst acquired comes from the exposure of your environment.

30
Q

Causes for mutations?

A

Diet, hormones, tobacco, radiation

31
Q

How many mutations do there need to be to cause cancer?

A

More than one

32
Q

What are high-penetrance mutations?

A

They are more likely to lead many people in the family getting certain kinds of cancer like family cancer syndrome.

33
Q

Proto-oncogene vs. Oncogene

A

Proto-oncogene: Genes that normally help cells grow, when they mutate or there are too many of them, it becomes a “bad” gene that can become permanently there.

Oncogene: A proto-oncogene but it contains cancer.

34
Q

What happens when tumour suppressor genes malfunction?

A

They grow out of control and grow into cancer.

35
Q

Name three of the parts of the circulatory system

A

The heart, blood, and blood vessels

36
Q

Three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

37
Q

What does the heart do?

A

It pumps blood throughout the body.

38
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

39
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A

Transports the blood throughout the body.

40
Q

What issues does the heart have?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
Connective tissue

41
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carried blood away from the heart and generally carry oxygenated blood.

Under the highest pressure and so they have thicker walls

42
Q

What do veins do?

A

They carry towards the heart and they have valves to prevent backflow.

Lower pressure and thinner walls.

43
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Very thing blood and extremely thin walls and allow substances to diffuse in and out of the vessels.

44
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

45
Q

Four blood components?

A

White blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, plasma

46
Q

What does the nose/nasal cavity do?

A

It filters/traps bacteria and dust out of the system.

47
Q

What is the pharynx also known as and what is it used for?

A

It is also known as the throat used as a passageway for air and food.

48
Q

What is the larynx used for?

A

Vocalisations (speech)

49
Q

What types of tests can you take to get tested for pneumonia?

A

Community-aquired:
- Blood Tests
- Chest X-ray
- Pulse Oximetry
- A Sputum test

Hospital-acquired:
- Arterial Blood Gas Test
- CT Scan
- Pleural Fluid Culture

50
Q

Causes of pneumonia

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, weak immune system

51
Q

Early Signs of pneumonia?

A
  • flu like symptoms (headache and dry cough)
  • blue lips and muscle pain
52
Q

Severe symptoms of pneumonia

A
  • fevers
  • yellow to green mucus and sometimes blood
  • sweating
  • high heart rate
  • low blood pressure
  • vomiting
  • shortness of breath
  • loss of appetite and energy.
53
Q

3 types of treatments

A

antibiotics, antivirals, antifungal

54
Q

What is interphase?

A

The phase before mitosis in which the the cells get ready for cell division and its functions.

55
Q

What is prophase?

A

The first phase in mitosis in which the chromosomes become condensed and visible and then the nuclear membrane breaks apart and dissolves. The centrioles also move to opposite ends of the cell.

56
Q

What is metaphase?

A

The second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the middle and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.

57
Q

What is anaphase?

A

The third stage of mitosis in which the spindle fibers shorter and pull the chromosomes towards the polls (centrioles) of the cell.

58
Q

Describe the final stage of mitosis.

A

Telophase: The chromosomes now have reached the complete ends and new nuclei (plural of nucleus) forms on each side to make to new cells.

59
Q

What happens after Telophase?

A

Cytokinesis which is the final separation of the two cells by splitting the cytoplasm.

MEMORISING. (7 decks)

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