ddt 25 Flashcards
In Low-to-Medium-Income Countries (LMICs) 80% of all illnesses are caused by — and — being the cause of childhood death
- water borne diseases
- diarrhoea
Water-related diseases include:
those due to micro-organisms and chemicals in water that people drink
diseases like schistosomiasis which have part of their lifecycle in water;
diseases like malaria with water-related vectors;
others such as legionellosis carried by aerosols containing certain micro-organisms.
diarrhoea results from
- unsafe drinking water
- sanitation
- hand hygiene
—- is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death
disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
One DALY, therefore, is equal to one year of healthy life lost
types of waterborne disease:
1- biological waterborne: which is caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animals excrements which contains pathogenic microorganisms as clorea and typhoid
2- chemical waterborne: caused by pollution of water with chemical that have adverse effect on heart as lead from pipes , heavy metals , fluorides , nitrites from fertilisers , DDT
3- water washed diseases: causes by poor personal hygiene and the skin and eye contact with contaminated water leads to: scabies, typhus , trachoma , flea ticks lice born diseases
4- waterbased diseases:” caused by parasite found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water as guiena worm
5- water related diseases is caused by vectors especially mosquitos that breed or feed near conmanianted water. they are not associated with lack of clean water or sanitation services as: yellow fever , malaria , tryonomaia aka the sleeping sickness
Economic consequence of waterborne disease:
Cost of treatment at clinic.
Cost of transport of patient to clinic.
Cost of medicines.
Loss of income generating opportunities due to time required for parent/caregiver to look after sick family member.
Educational impact - absence from school of sick child.
— are programs designed to reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in developing world which combines the approach to educate and introduce intervention the addresses the problems with —-
- wash programs
- sanitation , hygien , water
—- is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater
Safe disposal of human waste is vitally important in the fight against waterborne disease.
Improved sanitation facilities is the alternative to open defecarion
sanitation
— is the first step on the sanitation ladder and it relies on microbial fauna in the soil to inactivate the pathogens in the faeces
slit trench ( which relies on the activating power of the soil to remove the health risks )
In absence of a municipal distributed water system the simplest form of sanitation is a —-
pit laterine aka the long drop
needs to be emptied regularly
laterns are deep holes in the giyrnd
— is a brick-lined permanent toilet that does not require emptying.
When the bricks are laid, it is important to only use mortar between the layers and not on the vertical joints. This allows the contents to slowly seep into the soil as it decomposes and keeps the pit from filling up too soon.
Latrine needs to be located away from any nearby water sources or borehole wells.
VIP latern ( ventilated improved vip laterine )
( its basically a hole lined with bbrikcks and allows the human waste to surround the soil and it will fill up slowly and vents are in the back and no flies can come in )
Basic, simple —- practice in the home has a huge impact on waterborne disease within the household.
hygiene
IN MDGs and SDGs access to “safe” drinking water was/is assessed on the basis of use of —
improved water sources
( Sometimes, access to an improved water source does not actually equate to access to safe drinking water )
” improve “ water sources as:
1- STAND PIPES distributing municipally treated water are often locked by land owners. Residents/tenants have to pay for access.)
2- Treated municipal supply”:Intermittent electricity supply often means that water pumped through municipal supplies lies stagnant for extended periods while residual chlorine concentration drops to ineffective levels.
3-Tube-well or Borehole:Walk long distances.
Have to carry heavy volumes (20L = 20kg).
Wait for long time.
Risk of physical & sexual abuse.
Maintenance of pumps is problematic
4- Harvested rain water is typically contaminated with faecal bacteria from birds, reptiles and mammals who have access to the roof from which the rain has been collected.
Studies have demonstrated that safe water collected outside the home is often —— during the journey from source to point of consumption (Dirty containers, poor hygiene in home etc.)*
—— treatment within the household thus provides a more effective method of ensuring safe water within the household.
- recontaminated
- point of use ( PoU)
