week 8- visual imagery

Question 1

what did aristotle say about thought

Answer 1

Thought is not possible without image

Question 2

what did Wilhelm Wundt say about visual imagery

Answer 2

Visual imagery is crucial

Question 3

what did francis galton discover in his work with autobiographical memory

Answer 3

Individual variation → in terms of how many images come to our mind when we
think about certain things

Question 4

what movement was john watson apart of

Answer 4

behaviourism

Question 5

what did alan paivo discover about visual imagery? what type of these are you more likely to remember

Answer 5

-word pairs
-ex. Boat-hat vs truth-justice → more likely to remember boat-hat as you can turn them into mental images

Question 6

what did Roger Shepard & Jacqueline Metzler discover in terms of visual imagery

Answer 6

visuospatial sketchpad- our ability temporarily to hold visual and spatial information

Question 7

what test did Roger Shepard & Jacqueline Metzler establish?

Answer 7

mental rotation test- consists of a participant comparing two 3D objects (or letters), often rotated in some axis, and states if they are the same image or if they are mirror images

Question 8

what researcher did work on epiphenomenons?

Answer 8

zenon pylyshyn

Question 9

what is an epiphenomenon?

Answer 9

a mere by-product of a process that has no effect on the process itself

Question 10

what 2 tasks did stephen kosslyn establish?

Answer 10

-mental scanning task
-mental walk task

Question 11

what is the mental scanning task? the results?

Answer 11

Participants in the study were asked to look at and study a map with several objects on it in different locations, and then asked to imagine a black dot going from one object on the map to another object on the map. Participants were then asked to push a button when they imagined the black dot arrived at the second object. Results of the study showed that the farther away the objects were from each other, the longer it took the participants to push the button, showing the amount of time it took the participants to visually imagine the dot moving locations was proportional to the amount of space the objects were from each other

Question 12

what is the mental walk task? what were the results?

Answer 12

Would have students imagine they are starting far away from car, then start walking towards it. Participants reported car gets bigger as they start walking towards it mentally

Question 13

how do you perceive an object that is close to you vs. far away from you

Answer 13

When you are closer to object it is bigger, compared to being farther away it is smaller

Question 14

in stephen kosslen’s size in visual field studies, how does he say you would compare perceiving a bunny vs. an elephant

Answer 14

When comparing 2 things (elephant & bunny) you visually zoom in & out depending on what you are being asked about
- Being asked about bunny you will zoom into bunny as it is small, being asked about elephant you will zoom back out as it is very large

Question 15

descrive charles perky’s (1910) study on perception and their results

Answer 15

Would tell people to imagine something (banana),then project that image very faintly on wall in front of them, would ask them questions about the object they are imagining, & they would
answer the questions unconsciously in accordance w the projected photo

Question 15

what is single cell recording?

Answer 15

Open up part of skull and prod around in brain with electrode to observe brain cell
action

Question 16

what part of the brain will activate if you SHOW people facial images

Answer 16

occipital lobe

Question 17

what part of the brain will activate if you THINK about facial images

Answer 17

occipital lobe

Question 17

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation used for?

Answer 17

used to temporarily disrupt neural activity in the brain

Question 18

what part of the brain supports spatial imagery?

Answer 18

parietal lobe

Question 19

describe the TMS quadrant study

Answer 19

when participants were presented with an image of 4 quadrants with differently positioned bars in each quadrant and asked, “in which quadrant were the bars vertical?” they could easily and correctly answer the question, showing TMS did not impair information on positionality or arrangement. However, in that same study, when participants were asked questions about the image they were shown, they could not answer them because they had no recollection of the image whatsoever, showing TMS did impair their recollection of the image

Question 20

in the TMS quadrant study, what did TMS impair and what did it not impair?

Answer 20

TMS DID NOT impair positionality or arrangement, but TMS DID impair their ability to form a mental image because they had no recollection of the image whatsoever

Question 21

what happens if one has EXTREME damage to their visual cortex

Answer 21

complete loss of sight

Question 22

what happens if one has TYPICAL damage to their visual cortex

Answer 22

results in everything you see to shrink into a smaller
version → shrinks in your visual imagination too

Question 23

what happens if there is damage to our parietal

Answer 23

can no longer imagine or see spatial imagery

Question 24

what is unilateral neglect

Answer 24

a patient suffering from neglect may read only the right part of a word or the right part of sentences, or eat only from the right side his plate

Question 25

what does it mean that damage to the parietal lobe can be dissociated? what is this called

Answer 25

imagery impaired but perception intact OR perception impaired but imagery intact = Partially overlapping systems

Question 26

what is the method of loci? what is it also called?

Answer 26

Using familiar spaces to help you remember information
-also called building a memory palace

Question 27

how does the method of loci work? give an example

Answer 27

Choose a location you are extremely familiar w then mentally place things
you need to remember throughout this location = you will remember better
- EX. groceries → lettuce on the toilet, onion on the bed,
strawberries on the desk etc. = when you get to grocery store you can mentally go through location you used to retrieve list items

Question 28

what was the history with simonides that led to the development of the method of loci

Answer 28

At a dinner given by a patron, Scopas, he had been required to briefly leave the building to meet two men but while there, the building collapsed, killing everyone and disfiguring them beyond recognition. Simonides was able to remember, by each’s position (locus), who had been there. This would become the Method of Loci

Question 29

what is the peg word method? give an example

Answer 29

you create rhymes that are
easy to remember
Ex. One-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, four-door
- Associate an object w each part of rhyme; just have to
memorize object & know what objects you associated w
the rhyme

Question 30

what is another form of practice that athletes use?

Answer 30

Athletes tend to use visualization & imagery of themselves doing something
repetitively as a form of practice → when not physically training they imagine themselves training

Question 31

describe the athletic visual imagery study and its results

Answer 31

Researchers had participants learn the butterfly stroke in 4 conditions: no practice, real practice, imagery based practice (imagine doing the butterfly stroke), and a combo of imagery and real. Then participants did the butterfly stroke and were timed
Results- participants who did a combo of real and imagery had the best time

Question 32

what are outcome vs. process simulations?

Answer 32

Outcome simulation- imagining what you want your outcome to be (like manifestation)
Process simulation- imagining the process of attaining that outcome/goal

Question 33

describe the outcome vs. process simulation study

Answer 33

Before the final exam of a course, researchers had participants in 3 conditions: control, some doing outcome simulations, some doing process simulations. Students who did process simulations had a way higher exam score than outcome and control

Question 34

what is temporal discounting

Answer 34

the everyday experience of valuing more immediate rewards over those in the future

Question 35

describe the study on temporal discounting

Answer 35

asked participants if they wanted: $10 now or $100 tomorrow, $10 now or $100 in week, $10 now or $100 in 3 months.
people are more likely to choose the immediate reward, less likely to choose the option that is farthest away in time

Question 36

why do we do temporal discounting in regards to money?

Answer 36

We are constantly tempted are chose the immediate reward compared to
waiting for future as we do not know specifically what we would use that money
for in 3 months