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perception exam Flashcards

1
Q

three methods of studying

A

physiological (harware)
cognitive (software)
psychophysical (report)

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2
Q

neurons

A

units of processing

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3
Q

synapse

A

gap between 2 neurons

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4
Q

firing rate

A

firing rate, not strength of each action potential carries info

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5
Q

localization of function

A

where in the brain particular info is processed

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6
Q

sensory coding

A

HOW feature of envrionment are represented

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7
Q

lesion studies

A

if a certain part of brain is damaged and particular ability disappears then that part of the brain is normally involved in this particular ability

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8
Q

single cell recording technique

A

insert a small probe that can detect electric actiivty
- measures the neurons response to preceigic stimuli
- gives precise info about timing and location but only in narrow brain regions

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9
Q

neuroimaging technique

A

detects specific functions for broader areas of brain, activity corresponds to different perceptual tasks
- ex fMRI

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10
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging
- measures the changes in blood flow that support increased neural activity
- note: blood flow increases shortly after the moment when neurons get more active
- tells precisely where brain activity occurs across a broad area, but is somewhat imprecise about timing

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11
Q

EEG

A

Electro-encephalography
- measures electrical activity through the skalp and skull
- very percise abuot timing across a broad area
less precise about location

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12
Q

sensory stimulus

A

energy that impinges on your sense (ex light)
- results in sensroy input (E.g., visual image)

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13
Q

sensroy CUE

A

a signal you extract from sensroy input
- indicates some property of the world (ex. that is my friend)

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14
Q

stimulus vs. cue

A

the stimulus that strikes a sense organ is not the same thing as the cue your brain uses to perceive things

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15
Q

cue integration

A

perceptual systems use a variety of cues, integrating information form different sources

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16
Q

do we perceive reality directly?

A

perception constructs a reality for the perceiver
- systematic relation between it and the external world, or else we would not survive
- so no

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17
Q

psychodynamics

A

determining quantitative relationships between physical stimulus (external) and perception (internal psychological)

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18
Q

gustav fechner epiphany

A

quantitative relationship between mind (mental sensation) and body (material/physical stimulus

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19
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for the observer to detect a stimulus
- smaller the difference between two stimulus the harder it will be to detect
- not all or nothing

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20
Q

inhibit

A

stop something from happening
- activity in one neuron can increase or decrease activation in another neuron

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21
Q

sequence of light entering the eye

A

light rays
ganglion cells
amacrine cells
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
receptors

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22
Q

curcuits

A

information is analyzed, interpreted, transformed so that the resulting signal is easier for perceptual systm to understnad

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23
Q

neuron B

A

circuit with excitation, convergence and inhibition leads to neurons B which responds best to a bar of medium-length light

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24
Q

receptive fields

A

region of tertina that when stimulated, influences firing rate of a particular neuron
- could make neurons fore more (Excitation) or less (inhibition)

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25
Q

center-surround receptive fields

A

are characteristics of retinal ganglionic cells and LGN ( low-level visual processing
- excitatory center, inhibitory surround: common
- inhibitory-center, excitatory -surround: also exists

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26
Q

specific coding

A

representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of a neuron specialized to respond to just it

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27
Q

population coding

A

representation of a specific sitmuli by pattern of firing of many neurons
- each neuron firing to each face, but by different amounts

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28
Q

sparse coding

A
  • a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing in a small number of neurons
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29
Q

wavelength

A

distance between two peak of the electromagnetic wave

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30
Q

eye accommodation

A

lens changes shape so that images of nearby objects are not blurry on the retina
- cilairy muscles are what change the shape of the lens

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31
Q

transduction

A

the transformation of one form of energy to another
- nervous system con\verts patterns of physical energy (light) into neural events (photoreceptor electrical signal)

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32
Q

dark adaptation

A

increase in sensitivity that occurs when illumination changes from light to dark

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33
Q

two systems of dark adaptation

A
  • faster stage due to adaptation of cones
  • slower stage cue to adaptation of rods
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34
Q

rod-cone break

A

when lights go off, sensitivity of both rods and cones begins increase
- cones control vision from 4 minutes to max sensitivity
- rods from 30 minutes to max sensitivity
- after 7 minutes, rod control is dominant (more sensitive)

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35
Q

short wavelegnth colour

A

blue

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36
Q

long wavelength colour

A

red

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37
Q

medium wavelength colour

A

green

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38
Q

convergence

A

more than one neuron sends signals to another neuron
- rod convergence more than cones so rods are more sensitive

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39
Q

inverse projection problem

A

the idea that the image that is projected onto the retina could be any number of objects because it is not the retina that specifies that stimulus therefore the image on the retina is ambiguous

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40
Q

occludes

A

obscures the sight of an object

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41
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

the ability to recognize an objectseen from different angles or viewpoints

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42
Q

perceptual organization

A

the process of grouping and segregating elements in a persons visual field to create a percpetion

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43
Q

gestalt psychologists

A

tries to answer how are configurations formed from smaller elements

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44
Q

structuralism

A

distinguished between sensations and perceptions, more complex consciousness, sensations combine tocreate complex percpetions
- rejected by gestalt psychologists

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45
Q

frankfort wertheimer

A

came up with the idea of apparent movement

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46
Q

apparent movement

A

the illusion of movement cuased by two objects being presented rapidly one after another

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47
Q

conclusions of apparent movement

A
  • apparent movement cant be explained by sensation alone because there is nothing in the dark space between the flashes of light (this is why they reject structuralism)
  • the whole is different than the sum of its parts because the perceptual system creates the perception of movement when there actually is non
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48
Q

illusory contours

A

when you perceive an object in the outline of other objects even though its not actually there

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49
Q

gastalt principles of perceptual organization

A

describes how elements in a scene become grouped together
- the principle of good continuation
- the principle of pragnanz or principle of simplicity
-principle of similarities
-principle of proximity
- principle of common fate
-principle of common region
- principle of uniform connectedness
-percpectual segregation

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50
Q

the principle of good continuation

A
  • points that when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
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51
Q

the principle of pragnanz or the principle of simplicity

A

every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
- ex. seeing the Olympic symbol as 5 circles instead of a bunch of complicated symbols

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52
Q

principle of similarieties

A

similar thigns seem to be grouped together

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53
Q

principle of proximity

A

things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

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54
Q

principle of common fate

A

thigns that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

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55
Q

principle of common region

A

elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

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56
Q

principle of uniform connectedness

A

a connected region of the same visual properties such as lightness colour texture or motion is perceived as a single unit

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57
Q

perceptual segregation

A

the perceptual segregation of one object from another
- figure ground segregation
- reversible figure-grreound

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58
Q

recognition of components theory

A

objects are comprised of individua geometric components called geons and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons

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59
Q

global image features

A

information that may enable observers to rapidly perceive the gist of a scene, includes:
- degree of naturalness, apenness, roughness, expansion, and colour

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60
Q

degree of naturalness

A

natural scense such as the ocean or forest have texture zones and undulating contours that tell us they are natural whereas men made things have straight and sharp lines

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61
Q

degree of openness

A

open scenes like the ocean have a visual horizon line and contain few objects

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62
Q

degree of roughness

A

smooth scenes like the ocean contain fewer small elements while roughness like a forest contain many small elements and are more complex

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63
Q

degrees of expansion

A

convergence of parallel lines like when you look down a train track that appear to vanish in the distance indicates a high degree of expansion

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64
Q

degree of colour

A

some scenes have characteristic colours like the ocean being blue and forests being green and brown

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65
Q

physical regularities in the environment

A

physical regularities in the environment
- ex. there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique orientations which occur more in man made environments

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66
Q

semantic regularities in the environment

A

meaning of a scene
- ex. perparation, cooking and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen
therefore the characteristics associated with activities that are common in different typeso f scenes

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67
Q

bayesian ingerence

A

the idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors
- the prior probability which is our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome
- the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the out come

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68
Q

predictive coding

A

a thoery that describes how the brian uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive
- pretty much our brains determine whether what were seeing matches with what we expect to see

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69
Q

brain responses to objects and faces

A

the ventral (“what”) pathway, extends from the occipital lobe into the temporal lobe and is involved in recognizing object

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70
Q

lateral occipital complex (LOC)

A

active when the person views any kind of object such as an animal, face, house, or tool
- but not when viewing textures or an object with the parts scrambled
- also does not differentiate between types of objects like faces vs. other objects

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71
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A

specialized to respond to faces
- damage here cases prosopagnosia - dificulty recognizing the faces of familiar people

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72
Q

use of amygdala in identifying faces

A

emotional reactions (face expressions) and familiarity (cuases more activity in the amygdala)

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73
Q

use of frontal lobe in identifying faces

A

evaluation of attractiveness

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74
Q

use of superior temporal salcus in identifying faces

A

identifies gaze direction, mouth movement, general face movement

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75
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies but not by faces or other objects

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76
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

area in the temporal lobe that responds to places but not objects or faces

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77
Q

binocular rivalry

A

when both eyes are viewing a completely different image that the brain cannot process both at once so the brain has to pick either the left or right eye image

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78
Q

attention

A

the process that results in certain sensory infomration being selectively processed over other information

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79
Q

overt attention

A

occurs when you move your eyes from one place to another to focus on a particular object or location

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80
Q

covert atttention

A

you shift your attention without moving your eyes

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81
Q

dichotic listening

A

presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears

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82
Q

cocktail party effect

A

the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out the other

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83
Q

spatial attention

A

attention to a specific location

84
Q

illusory conjunction

A

illusory combination of features that are perceived when stimuli containing a number of features are presented briefly and under conditions in which focused attention is difficult

85
Q

feature integration theory (FIT)

A

processing happens in two stages - one conscious and one unconscious
- proposed that the first step in processing an object is in the preattentive stage
- second stage focused attention stage, attention becomes involved and conscious perception occurs (involving a processed called binding where features are combined

86
Q

fixation

A

each time you cease moving your eyes to look at something

87
Q

saccadic eye movements

A

rapid jerky movement from one fixation to the next

88
Q

corollary discharge theory

A

the theory that explains motion perception as being determined both by movement of the image on the retina and the signals that indicate movement of the eyes

89
Q

motor signal (MS)

A

occurs hwen a signal to move the eye is sent from the brain to the eye is sent from the brain to the eye muscles

90
Q

corollary discharge signal (CDS)

A

is a copy of the motor signal, so occurs whenever there is a motor signal

91
Q

the image displacement isgnal IDS

A

occurs when an image moves across the retina, as happens when movement of the eye causes the iamge of a stationary scene to sweep across the retina

92
Q

comparator

A

brain structure that when only the corollary discharge signal or the image displacement signal reaches it, movement is perceived, but when both signals reach the comparator, no movement is perceived because both the CD and IDS reach the comparator when the eye scans a scene

93
Q

predictive remapping of attention

A

the process where attention begins to shift towards a target just before the eye begins moving toward it, enabling the perceiver to experience a stable, coherent scene

94
Q

visual salience

A

characteristics such as bright colour, high contrast and highly visible orientations that cuase stimuli to stand out and therefore attract attention

95
Q

attentional capture

A

situation in which properties of a stimulus grab attention, seemingly against a persons will

96
Q

saliency map

A

a map of a visual display that takes into account characteristics of the display such as colour, contrast and oritentation that are associated with capturing attention

97
Q

scene schemas

A

an observers knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes

98
Q

attention speed response

A

same object advantage
- faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object. faster reaction time occur when a target islcoated within the object that is receiving the subjects attention, even if the subject is looking at another place within the object

99
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a situation in which a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at it

100
Q

change blindness

A

difficulty is detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented one after another, often with short black stimulus interposed between them. also occurs when part of a stimulus changes very slowly

101
Q

continuity error

A

when changes happen from one scene to another but are rarely seen

102
Q

disorders of attention

A

-spatial neglect
- extinction
- preattentive processing

103
Q

spatial neglect

A

neurological condition due to damage
- when your brain ignores all stimulus on one side of your visual field

104
Q

extinction disorder

A

often accompanies neglect
- lack of awareness of what is happening in one side of the visual field

105
Q

preattentive processing

A

hidden processing that happens within a fraction of a second, below ones level of awareness

106
Q

event boundary

A

the point in time when each event ends and the next one begins

107
Q

jeffrey zacks

A

concluded that the perception of movement plays an important role in separating activities into meaning ful events

108
Q

illusory motion

A

perception of the motion of sitmuli that arent actually moving

109
Q

three types of illusory motion

A
  • apparent motion
  • induced motion
  • motion aftereffects
110
Q

apparent motion

A

the motion we think we see from two stationary images moving back and forth really quickly so that we think they are moving but actually aren’t

111
Q

induced motion

A

when motion of one object (usually a larger one) causes a nearby stationary object to appear to move

112
Q

motion aftereffects

A

occurs when viewing a moving stimulus cuases a stationary sitmulus to appear to move
ex. look at a waterfall for a few seconds and then look off to the side, the trees will look like they are moving even though they are not moving

113
Q

optic array

A

the structure created by the surfaces, textures, and contours of the environment

114
Q

local disturbance in the optic array

A

occurs when one objects moves relative to the environment, so that the stationary background is covered and uncovered by the moving object. this local disturbance indicates that the object is moving relative to the environmentg

115
Q

global optic flow

A

the fact that everything moves at once in reopens to movement of the observers eye or body

116
Q

Reichardt detector

A

a neural circuit in which signals cuased by movement of a stimulus across the receptors are processed by the delay unit and an output unit so that signals are generated by movement in one direction but not in the opposite direction

117
Q

middle temporal area (MT)

A

contains many directionally selective neurons

118
Q

transcranial magnetic sitmuluation

A

can temporarilty disrupt the normal functioning of neurons

119
Q

microstimulation

A

done by lowering a small wire electrode into the cortex and passing a weak electrical charge thorugh the tip to force a sitmulus

120
Q

aperture problem

A

occurs when only a portion of a moving stimulus can be seen as when the stimuli is viewed through a narrow aperture or through the field of view of a neurons receptive field. this can result in misleading information about the direction in which the stimulus is moving

121
Q

shortest path constraint

A

the principle that apparent movement ends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli

122
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

colour blindness

123
Q

selective reflection

A

when an object reflects some wavelengths of the spectrum more than others ( produces colour)

124
Q

achrmatic colours

A

occurs when light is reflected equally across the spectrum - white grey and black

125
Q

reflectance curves

A

a plot showing the percentage of life reflected from an object versus wavelengthsle

126
Q

selective transmition

A

the oclour of things that are transparent suc has liquid plastics and glass
-means only one wavelengths pass through the object or substance

127
Q

transmission curves

A

plots of the percentage of light transmitted at each wavelengthmix

128
Q

mixing paints

A

both paints still absorbe the same wavelengths they absorbed when they were alone, so the only wavelengths reflected are those that are reflected by both paints in common

129
Q

mixing light

A

all of the light that is reflected from the surface by each light when alone is alos reflected hwen the lights are superimposed

130
Q

trichromany of colour vision

A

states that colour vision depends on the activity of three different receptor mechanismscolour

131
Q

measuring the characteristics of cone receptors

A
  • microspectrophotometry - found 3 types of cones
  • adaptive optical imaging - made possible to look into an eye and see how receptors are arranged
  • aberrations - imperfections in the cornea and lens that distort light on its way to the retina
132
Q

metamerism

A

the situation in which two physically different wavelength distribution that are perceived as having the same colour

133
Q

metamers

A

two lights that have idfferent wavelength distributiosn but are perceptually identical

134
Q

monochromatism

A

colour blindness - see in only shades of black and white
- usually have no functioning cons

135
Q

principle of univariance

A

once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule the identify of the lights wavelength is lost

136
Q

dichromacy

A

can see colour but can get colours mixed up

137
Q

three major forms of dichromatism

A
  • protanopiam
  • deuteranopia
  • tritanopia
138
Q

protanopia

A

missing the long wavelength pigment (red) as a result perceive short-wave short wavelengths as blue and as the wavelengthsi ncrease, the blue becoems less and less saturated

139
Q

deuteranopia

A

missing the medium wavelength pigments (green)
- perceives turquoise as short wavelengths and yellow as long wavelengths

140
Q

tritanopia

A

missing short wavelength
- blue as short wavelength red as long - cant see purple, green is seen as blue, yellow is seen as white

141
Q

cues

A

peices of information available in the external world

142
Q

convergence

A

eyes move inwards so image ofn earby objects fall on both fovea

143
Q

oculomotor depth cues

A

can perceive depth due to eye muscles
- accommodation
- convergence -

144
Q

monomcular depth cues

A

pictorial cues
occlusion
relative size
familair size
atmospheric perceptive
- movement produced cues (motion parallax, deletion and accretion)

145
Q

occlusion

A

one object can get in the way of the other which tells us which one is in front

146
Q

relative size

A

we know that all tennis balls are the same size so if onelooks smaller we know its farther away

147
Q

familair size

A

when we know the size of different objects we can use the information to tell us how far away it is from you

148
Q

atmospheric perception

A

distant objects are less clear to us because we are looking through more air whereas something closer is seen much sharper

149
Q

motion parallax

A

nearby objects move faster than further away objects

150
Q

delection and accretion

A

object or observer move and objects behind disappear and reappear

151
Q

wheatstones stereoscope

A

created a sense of depth by putting together 2 slightly idfferent photos of the same scene, like two cameras taking the same picture a few inches apart

152
Q

stereopsis

A

an impression of depth
- you brain compares the images seen frmo your right and left eye and use the idfference to infer depth

153
Q

horopter

A

imaginary circle that psses through the point of fixation

154
Q

physiology of depth perception

A

neurons called binocular depth cells or disparity - selective cells respond to specific degrees of disparity
- if theres not disparity then the two images on the retinas are not lined uphe

155
Q

head crusher

A

failsto experience size constancy - only notices retina size - so assumes fingers and dudes head are same distance away

156
Q

retina image size

A

as a person walks away the size of their image gets smaller but your percpetion of thier distance gets larger

157
Q

size constancy

A

when we correctly perceive objects physical size to remain constant despite varying distnace and retina image

158
Q

size -distance scaling

A

taking objects distance into account when estimating its physical size

159
Q

muller-layer illusion

A

two veritcal lines samel ength but one looks longer than the other sue to the direction of the arrows attached
- example of conflicting cues theoy

160
Q

ponzo illusion

A

views two of the same animals on an image to be different sizes in different locations even though they are the same size

161
Q

Ames room illusion

A

equally sized people look different sizes because of rooms distorted shape

162
Q

apparent distance theory

A

horizon moon appears farther away because it viewed across filled terrain w depth into whereas the elevated moon only has empty space between

163
Q

loudness

A

perceptual experience

164
Q

amplitude

A

physical aspect of external tone stimulus

165
Q

pitch

A

how high or low the tone sounds

166
Q

pitch _____, loudness _______

A

frequency, amplitude

167
Q

pitch ______, frequency _______

A

percpetual, physical

168
Q

fourier analysis

A

can break down any complex tone into a set of simple sine-wave componentsc

169
Q

complex tones

A

periodic pressure changes repeat in a regular pattern

170
Q

rangeo f hearing

A

20-20,000Hz

171
Q

timbre

A

when tow tones w same loudness and pitch sound different
-ex. different instruments

172
Q

parts of the outer ear

A

pinna
auditory canal

173
Q

parts of the middle ear

A

eardrum
-incus
-stapes
-maleus

174
Q

parts of inner ear

A

oval window
semicircular canal
auditory nerve
cochlea
round window

175
Q

timing theory

A

when the stapes push against the oval window it moves back and forth causing the liquid to slosh around causing a traveling wave which then moves the hairs that when they are bent in one direction create an electrical signal

176
Q

flaw in timing theory

A

doesnt always work because high frequencies fire faster and due to the refractory period it doesnt happen fast enoughp

177
Q

place theory

A

different frequencies activate receptors in different locations within the basilar membrane
- low frequency = apex
- high frequency = basea

178
Q

age related hearing loss

A

lose sensitivity to high frequencies first
- becuase the base of htear is exposed to all sounds whereas the apex receives only low freqeuncies

179
Q

biaral

A

involving both ears

180
Q

monaural

A

involving only one ear

181
Q

interaural differences

A

difference between input onf the right vs left ear

182
Q

three thigns we need to hear the direction of a sound

A

azimuth - horizontal
distance - away from you
elevation - vertical

183
Q

interaural tiem difference (ITD)

A

the idfference btween when a sound reaches the left vs. right ear

184
Q

why is interaural time difference (ITD) important

A

effective cue for localizing LOW frequency sounds
-helps you find azimuth - horizontal location

185
Q

interaural level difference (ILD)

A

the difference in the sound intensity between the right vs. left ear

186
Q

why is interaural level difference (ILD) important

A

effective cue for localizing HIGH frequency sounds

187
Q

spectral cue

A

we hear things differently based on whether they are coming from above or below use due to the reflection of sound on our pina before entering the auditory canal - gives a senses of elevation

188
Q

auditory WHAT pathwys

A

anterior part of the core and belt - identifying sounds

189
Q

auditory WHERE pathways

A

starts in posterior part of cortext and belt -used for locatingvo

190
Q

vowels

A

formants

191
Q

consonents

A

formant transitions

192
Q

phonemes

A

shortest segments of speech sound which, if you change it, change the meaning of a word

193
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

the amount of time in takes to say a word

194
Q

all sounds with longer VOTS

A

perceived as ta

195
Q

all sounds with short VOTS

A

perceived as da

196
Q

information provided by face

A

if the auditory of a sound is one third and the visual shows another sound, a person will hear what the person is mouthing rather than the actual sound

197
Q

transitional probabilities

A

chance that one sound will follow another sound

198
Q

brocas area

A

frontal lobe - damage hurts production of speech

199
Q

wernickes area

A

in temporal lobe - damage hurts comprehension

200
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

percpetions such as touch and pain

201
Q

proprioception

A

position of the body and limbs

202
Q

kinesthesis

A

movement of the body and limbs

203
Q

marzenich

A
  1. mapped out representation of finders in monkey somatosensory cortex
  2. stimulated particular area of skin
  3. re-measure representation/map
    - expansion of cortical area receiving signals from receptors in that area of skin
204
Q

nociceptors

A

receptors that respond to tissue damage (actual or potential)

205
Q

types of pain

A
  • inflammatory: damage to tissue, inflamation of joints
  • neuropathic: damage to parts of nervous system
206
Q
A

research methods (13 decks)

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