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Human Geography OCR > MIGRATION > Flashcards

MIGRATION Flashcards

1
Q

what is an economic migrant and how many are there?

A

Migrants seeking work and social opportunity (206.6m)

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2
Q

What is a refugee and how many are there?

A

A person who has migrated due to a genuine fear of persecution or death and has been given the right to remain in the new country (25.9m)

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3
Q

What is an asylum seeker and how many are there?

A

A person who has migrated due to a genuine fear of persecution or death and is awaiting to have their claim assessed (3.5m)

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4
Q

What are migrant remittances?

A

Migrant remittances refers to money transferred from one country to another. It is sent by migrants to their home country and given to their family, friends and community

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5
Q

What is international migration?

A

The UN defines an International Migrant as a person who stays outside their usual country of residence for at least one year

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6
Q

What is migration?

A

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location

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7
Q

What is immigration?

A

Immigration is in-migration of people into a country, who will remain permanently

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8
Q

What is emigration?

A

Emigration is out-migration of people from a country, who will leave permanently

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9
Q

What is net migration?

A

Net Migration is the difference between numbers of immigrants and emigrants for a specific country

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10
Q

What is intra regional migration?

A

Intra-regional Migration is defined as migration within a region (e.g. within Europe)

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11
Q

What is inter regional migration?

A

Inter-regional Migration is defined as migration from one region to another (e.g. Africa to Europe)

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12
Q

What are push factors?

A

The things that people wish to get away from (negative factors)

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13
Q

What are pull factors?

A

The perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants

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14
Q

What are examples of intervening obstacles?

A

Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors e.g. language

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15
Q

Why are there large numbers of Intra-regional migrations in the EU?

A

-The Schengen Agreement – this allows freedom of movement between many (but not all) countries within the EU region
-EU expansion over time
-Economic opportunities (e.g. Polish to UK)
-Opening up of new business opportunities
-Education
-Retirement
-Family reunification

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16
Q

What is The Schengen Agreement?

A

The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with external border controls for travellers entering and exiting the area, and common visas, but with no internal border controls. It currently consists of 27 European countries covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres.

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17
Q

What are remittances?

A

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers’ remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries.

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18
Q

How important are migrant remittances?

A

The value of migrant remittances can be used as a statistical measure of international migration linked to development.
Today international transfer of money is more robust than ever, so information regarding the value of remittances is quite accurate. However the true value is still thought to be higher

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19
Q

What is the relationship between migration and development?

A

-Migration can contribute significantly to development; it can be a positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
-Inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration; this has a major influence on the direction and scale of global migrant flows

20
Q

How can global migration promote stability?

A

-Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to the economic stability of the recipient country
-Returning migrants having acquired new ideas and values including democracy and equality, can contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution
-When there is ageing population, youthful migrant working populations contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth

21
Q

How can global migration promote economic growth?

A

-The GDP and tax base of the hosted nation can be boosted by working migrants
-Migrants as themselves can stimulate local economies in a host country even opening up new markets in demand for food, clothing, music etc
-Migrants can fill skill gaps and shortages in the labour market of a host market at local and national scales
-Migrant remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier effects in the country of origin of the migrants

22
Q

How can global migration promote development?

A

-Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin
-Migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through their links to diaspora associations, including professional, business, social and religious networks
-UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities, and public and private service providers in effective bottom up approaches to development

23
Q

How can global migration cause inequalities?

A

-Countries of origin lose a proportion of the young, vibrant and fittest element of the labour force; this may contribute to downward economic spiral at local, regional and national scales
-Often it is the better educated that migrate; this represent a ‘brain drain’ and loss of human resources in the country of origin
-The demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population of reproductive age; this influences crude birth rates in countries of origin (decline) and destination (growth)
-Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who do not

24
Q

How can global migration cause conflicts?

A

-Social conflict can develop between host communities and ‘newcomers’ ; people of a particular culture or origin may find difficulty integrating because of language
-Immigrant populations, especially if concentrated in specific areas can place pressure on service provision such as education health and housing in the host country
-International areas can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants

25
Q

How can global migration cause injustices?

A

-Migrants are vulnerable to the violation of their human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation of women and children, and human trafficking
-Treatment of asylum seekers can include being held in detention centres, not being allowed to work, and being supported on meagre financial resources for food, sanitation and clothing for the duration of application
-The plight of refugees in terms of shelter, food, water, medicines and safety, including possibility of return to country of origin where risks are high

26
Q

How are these inequalities, conflicts and injustices related to unequal flows of people , money, ideas and technology within the global migration system?

A

-Migrant flows are spatially uneven
-Globally South-North and South-South are dominant
-Government or military control of internet can hinder efforts to help with migrant related conflicts or human rights issues
-Access to technology in some countries is very limited and dos not allow for help with migration
-The transfer of ideas and money are closely related to these patterns of inequality in migration, and tend to flow in the opposite direction, back to the place of migrant origin

27
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growing integration of people’s lives in a complex process involving economic, social, political and environmental components

28
Q

What is interdependent?

A

The relationships between AC’s, EDC’s and LIDC’s through migration, including remittances (as well as FDI, trade and aid)

29
Q

What is bilateral migration

A

The flow of people between two countries

30
Q

What are examples of inter regional migration?

A

-Migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the USA
-Migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, the Philippines and Indonesia to the Gulf States

31
Q

What are examples of intra regional migration?

A

-Rapid increase of international migrants within ASEAN member states
-Migration of workers are coming from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar
-They are going to work in the fast growing economies of Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia
-In South America there is increased migration to the ‘southern cone’ of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay

32
Q

What are the examples of rural to urban migration?

A

-India
-China
-Mexico
-Brazil

33
Q

What are the examples of return migration within the EU?

A

-Romania
-Lithuania
-Latvia
-Portugal
-Poland
-Estonia

34
Q

What are the main reasons for international migration by younger workers?

A

-Greater employment opportunities
-Higher wages
-Possibility of remittances

35
Q

What are some facts about young labour driven migration?

A

-Numbers of foreign born residents in the UAE have increased dramatically in the 21st century from 2.45 million in 2000 to 8.5 million in 2019
-Flows are dominated by young males, with a high proportion working in construction
-The majority are low skilled, many not educated beyond primary level
-Only 3.6% of migrants were employed in health, and 2.6% in education sectors (2019)
-There are around 1 million Indian, 1 million Bangladeshi and 1 million Pakistani migrants in Saudi Arabia

36
Q

What are the reasons for south to south flows?

A

-Due to globalisation and the interconnectedness of economies, South-South flows have become more significant
-Fast – growing economies of countries in the South
-Restrictive barriers to migration across borders to the North
-Development of strong bi-lateral links between the economies of some countries e.g. Bangladesh to India
-Increase in numbers of refugees fleeing to other South countries
-Improved communication and awareness of opportunities in the South (technology)
-Too expensive to move such long distances

37
Q

Facts about South-South Migration – Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast?

A

-Burkina Faso - $820 pp - LIDC
-Ivory Coast - $1716 pp – Low EDC
-927,756 million migrants from Burkina Faso living in the Ivory Coast
-243,776 migrants from the Ivory coast in Burkina Faso having fled from conflict

38
Q

What are the reasons for south to south migration in Burkina Faso and Ivory coast?

A

-Employment opportunities and higher wages available in the Ivory coast’s cocoa and coffee plantations
-Opportunities for migrant farmers in the more fertile lands of the Ivory coast
-Former French Colonial administration in both countries ahs led to shared language, currency and cultural system

39
Q

Facts about South-South Migration – Myanmar to Thailand?

A

-Largest migrant corridor in ASEAN region
-1.9 million migrants
-Thailand fastest growing economy in ASEAN and there are many work opportunities
-Minimum wage of 300Baht (10 times more than in Myanmar)
-Labour shortages in Thailand so workers encouraged
-Free flows of labour due to the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
-Refugees migrating to escape forced labour government development projects in Myanmar

40
Q

What is included in
Pakistanis emigration policy?

A

-Ratififcation of ILO and UN conventions regarding rights of workers and protection of basic human rights
-Promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad
-Positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment (currently only 0.12 per cent)
-Support for social networks and associations abroad (Pakistani diaspora)
-Establishment of training institutions to help Pakistani youth in preparation for working abroad
-Enhancement of the impact of economic remittances and skills of returning migrants for development

41
Q

Why does Pakistan have an emigration policy?

A

-Population over 212 million
-64% of population under 30
-8 million Pakistanis working abroad
-96% of these are in the following countries
-Saudi Arabia
-UAE
-Oman
-Qatar
-Bahrain
-Kuwait

42
Q

What is included in Canadas immigration policy?

A

-New policy is aimed at the country’s long term requirements for engineers, IT specialists and health care workers
-Potential migrants are ranked on a 1200 point system which enables young highly skilled immigrants to be fast tracked

43
Q

Why does Canada have an immigration policy?

A

-Population of over 37 million
-Changes made to immigration policy in 2015
-To fill labour shortages gap

44
Q

What is a corridor of a bilateral flow?

A

A corridor of bi-lateral flow means the flow of migrants between two countries. The composition of who these migrants are and the countries they flow between reflect on-going global trends, as well as new circumstances e.g. economic gains and policy

45
Q

What are the factors which create bilateral flows?

A

-Cost of travel which may be related to proximity
-Ease of access and communication between the 2 countries
-Efficiency and cost of sending remittances
-Employment opportunities and wage differentials
-Established diaspora and community networks
-Effects of conflict and prosecution
-Migration policy including accession to economic unions and policy on refugees
-Former colonial influence such as language

Human Geography OCR (14 decks)

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