MIGRATION Flashcards
(45 cards)
what is an economic migrant and how many are there?
Migrants seeking work and social opportunity (206.6m)
What is a refugee and how many are there?
A person who has migrated due to a genuine fear of persecution or death and has been given the right to remain in the new country (25.9m)
What is an asylum seeker and how many are there?
A person who has migrated due to a genuine fear of persecution or death and is awaiting to have their claim assessed (3.5m)
What are migrant remittances?
Migrant remittances refers to money transferred from one country to another. It is sent by migrants to their home country and given to their family, friends and community
What is international migration?
The UN defines an International Migrant as a person who stays outside their usual country of residence for at least one year
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location
What is immigration?
Immigration is in-migration of people into a country, who will remain permanently
What is emigration?
Emigration is out-migration of people from a country, who will leave permanently
What is net migration?
Net Migration is the difference between numbers of immigrants and emigrants for a specific country
What is intra regional migration?
Intra-regional Migration is defined as migration within a region (e.g. within Europe)
What is inter regional migration?
Inter-regional Migration is defined as migration from one region to another (e.g. Africa to Europe)
What are push factors?
The things that people wish to get away from (negative factors)
What are pull factors?
The perceived advantages of a potential destination which attract migrants
What are examples of intervening obstacles?
Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors e.g. language
Why are there large numbers of Intra-regional migrations in the EU?
-The Schengen Agreement – this allows freedom of movement between many (but not all) countries within the EU region
-EU expansion over time
-Economic opportunities (e.g. Polish to UK)
-Opening up of new business opportunities
-Education
-Retirement
-Family reunification
What is The Schengen Agreement?
The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with external border controls for travellers entering and exiting the area, and common visas, but with no internal border controls. It currently consists of 27 European countries covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres.
What are remittances?
A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers’ remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries.
How important are migrant remittances?
The value of migrant remittances can be used as a statistical measure of international migration linked to development.
Today international transfer of money is more robust than ever, so information regarding the value of remittances is quite accurate. However the true value is still thought to be higher
What is the relationship between migration and development?
-Migration can contribute significantly to development; it can be a positive process for stability, economic growth and socio-economic change
-Inequalities in levels of development can be a cause of migration; this has a major influence on the direction and scale of global migrant flows
How can global migration promote stability?
-Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to the economic stability of the recipient country
-Returning migrants having acquired new ideas and values including democracy and equality, can contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution
-When there is ageing population, youthful migrant working populations contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth
How can global migration promote economic growth?
-The GDP and tax base of the hosted nation can be boosted by working migrants
-Migrants as themselves can stimulate local economies in a host country even opening up new markets in demand for food, clothing, music etc
-Migrants can fill skill gaps and shortages in the labour market of a host market at local and national scales
-Migrant remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and stimulate local multiplier effects in the country of origin of the migrants
How can global migration promote development?
-Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to countries of origin
-Migrants can create networks which ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through their links to diaspora associations, including professional, business, social and religious networks
-UN migration and development projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities, and public and private service providers in effective bottom up approaches to development
How can global migration cause inequalities?
-Countries of origin lose a proportion of the young, vibrant and fittest element of the labour force; this may contribute to downward economic spiral at local, regional and national scales
-Often it is the better educated that migrate; this represent a ‘brain drain’ and loss of human resources in the country of origin
-The demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population of reproductive age; this influences crude birth rates in countries of origin (decline) and destination (growth)
-Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who do not
How can global migration cause conflicts?
-Social conflict can develop between host communities and ‘newcomers’ ; people of a particular culture or origin may find difficulty integrating because of language
-Immigrant populations, especially if concentrated in specific areas can place pressure on service provision such as education health and housing in the host country
-International areas can be areas of conflict for border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants
