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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS > Flashcards

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zygote? (1)

A

the cell formed by the fusion of two gametes.

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2
Q

what are the differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis? (7)

A

-time of arrival
-development
-timing
-number of gametes
-release
-process of meiosis
-structure

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3
Q

what is fertilisation? (1)

A

the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form the nucleus of a zygote, contains the chromosomes from both gametes.

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4
Q

what is the karyotype of a female? (1)

A

XX

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5
Q

What is meant by the sex? (2)

A

the sex of an organism has a genetic basis in mammals, it depends on the absence or presence of a activated gene, SRY, located on the Y chromosome.

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6
Q

what happens in the growth stage in terms of oogenesis? (1)

A

cells develop from oogonia to primary oocytes.

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7
Q

what process are sperm cells produced by? (1)

A

spermatogenesis

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8
Q

what are the female gonads? (2)

A

gonads; ovaries
and produce gametes called ova (singular ovum)

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9
Q

what are the male gonads? (2)

A

gonads; testes
produce gametes called spermatoza (singular spermatozoon)

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10
Q

what is a gonad? (1)

A

an animal organ that produces gametes.

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11
Q

what are the sequences of both the male and female processes of gametogenesis? (3)

A

-multiplication (proliferation)
-growth
-maturation

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12
Q

what is the germinal epithelium? (1)

A

a single layer of cells (epithelium) that undergoes regular mitosis, producing other cells.

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13
Q

what occurs during the second round of meiosis in oogenesis? (1)

A

meiosis 2 of the secondary oocyte produces a large ovum and a smaller polar body which is lost.

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14
Q

what happens in the growth stage, in terms of spermatogenesis? (1)

A

cells develop from the spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes.

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15
Q

what occurs during the first round of meiosis in oogenesis? (1)

A

the primary oocyte produces one haploid secondary oocyte and a smaller, haploid polar body which is lost.

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16
Q

what occurs during the second round of meiosis in spermatogenesis? (1)

A

both secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to produce 4 gametes.

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17
Q

what occurs during the first round of meiosis in spermatogenesis? (1)

A

the primary spermatocyte produces haploid secondary spermatocytes that are the same size.

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18
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different, in terms of time of arrival? (2)

A

oogenesis - oogonia formed in the embryonic ovaries long before birth.
spermatogenesis - spermatogonia formed from the time of puberty throughout adult life.

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19
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis is different, in terms of development? (3)

A

oogenesis - oogenesis becomes surrounded by follicle cells forming tiny primary follicles and remain dormant within the ovary cortex. most fail to develop further, they degenerate.
spermatogenesis - all spermatogonia develop into sperm, nurtured by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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20
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different, in terms of release? (2)

A

oogenesis - the graafian follicle releases a secondary oocyte into the oviduct at ovulation.
spermatogenesis - sperm are released from the body by ejaculation.

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21
Q

what is meant by maturation in terms of the process by gametogenesis? (1)

A

which involves meiosis and results in formation of haploid gametes.

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22
Q

what is a gamete? (1)

A

cells carrying half the number of chromosomes.

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23
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different, in terms of the number of gametes? (2)

A

oogenesis - one ovum is formed from each oogonium
spermatogenesis - four sperm are formed from each spermatogonium

24
Q

how are spermatogenesis and oogenesis different, in terms of the process by meiosis? (2)

A

oogenesis - meiosis 2 reaches prophase and then stops until a male nucleus enters the secondary oocyte, triggering completion of meiosis 2.
spermatogenesis - meiosis 1 and 2 go to completion during sperm production

25
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different, in terms of timing? (3)

A

oogenesis - each month from puberty until the menopause, a few primary oocytes undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary oocytes. only one of these forms a graafian follicle, the others degenerate.

26
Q

what is meant by proliferation, in terms of the process of gametogenesis? (2)

A

in which cells present in a layer called the germinal epithelium divide by mitotic cell division. this division is repeated to reproduce many cells capable of becoming gametes.

27
Q

where are sperm made? (1)

A

seminiferous tubules

28
Q

what does the outer trophoblasts of the blastocysts become? (1)

A

become a membrane (the amnion) that helps to nourish the embryo.

29
Q

what coats the head of the sperm? (2)

A

the head of the sperm is coated with glycoproteins picked up from the epididymis, these have to be removed to make sperm capable of fertilisation.

30
Q

what is the endometrium? (1)

A

the lining of the uterus.

31
Q

what does the inner mass of the blastocyst become? (1)

A

destined to become the embryo.

32
Q

what occurs after the blastocyst is fertilised is implanted? (1)

A

cells differentiate to form a different type of cell.

33
Q

what are the two processes that allow capacitation? (2)

A

the cell surface membrane of the sperm head is stripped of the glycoproteins it acquired in the epididymis, the acrosome reaction occurs.

34
Q

what is the tail of the sperm? (1)

A

containing microtubules in an arrangement similar to that of a cilium.

35
Q

what does the acrosome contain? (1)

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes.

36
Q

what process are egg cells produced by? (1)

A

oogenesis

37
Q

what are the first and second stages of fertilisation in the ovum? (2)

A

1) oogonia grow to become oocytes
2) primary follicle (oocyte surrounded by a layer of follicle cells)

38
Q

what are the third stage of fertilisation in the ovum? (2)

A

each menstrual cycle a few primary follicles start to develop (meiosis 1) is completed forming a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

39
Q

what are the fourth stage of fertilisation in the ovum? (2)

A

secondary oocyte in mature ovarian follicle with layers of follicle cells and fluid early in prophase of meiosis 2.

40
Q

what are the fifth stage of fertilisation in the ovum? (2)

A

follicle bursts at ovulation and egg cell (secondary oocyte) released (surrounded by follicle cells)

41
Q

what are the sixth stages of fertilisation in the ovum? (2)

A

remains of follicle now develops into endocrine gland (corpus luteum)

42
Q

what is gametogenesis? (1)

A

the process by which gametes are produced.

43
Q

what is the karyotype for a male? (1)

A

XY

44
Q

what are the separate structures of an individuals sperm? (3)

A

-a head
-a middle part
-a tail

45
Q

what is the middle part of a sperm? (1)

A

packed with mitochondria - the organelles that produce ATP.

46
Q

what is the head of the sperm? (10

A

contains a haploid nucleus and an acrosome.

47
Q

how are oogenesis and spermatogenesis different, in terms of structure? (2)

A

oogenesis - the fertilised ovum is non-motile and becomes lodged in the endothelium of the uterus where cell divisions (cleavage) lead to embryo formation.
spermatogenesis - sperm are small motile gametes.

48
Q

what is a graafian follicle? (1)

A

each follicle starts as a layer of cells around the oocyte but eventually develop into a fluid filled sac, the graafian follicle.

49
Q

what is a blastocyst? (1)

A

a fluid - filled ball of cells (called blastomeres) formed by a repeated cell division of a zygote (formed 4-5 days after fertilisation)

50
Q

what is reproduction? (1)

A

the production of new individuals by an existing member of members of the same species.

51
Q

what occurs in the first stage of fertilisation? (1)

A

sperm passes between the follicle cells and arrives at the jelly coat surrounding the secondary oocyte.

52
Q

what occurs in the second stage of fertilisation? (1)

A

‘capacitation’ changes to the surface of the head of the sperm, releasing hydrolytic enzymes (acrosome reaction)

53
Q

what occurs in the third stage of fertilisation? (1)

A

enzyme digestion creates a tiny path for sperm to reach the cell surface membrane of the secondary oocyte.

54
Q

what occurs in the fourth stage of fertilisation? (1)

A

fusion of the cell surface membrane of secondary oocyte and sperm.

55
Q

what occurs in the fifth stage of fertilisation? (1)

A

cortical granules in outer layers of cytoplasm of secondary oocyte pass across the cell membrane by exocytosis, preventing entry of a second sperm (cortical reaction)

56
Q

what is capacitation? (1)

A

changes to the head of a sperm cell, making it fully capable of fertilisation.

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (35 decks)

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