Career Development

Question 1

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

a. only since the late 1950s.
b. only since the late 1960s.
c. only since nondirective counseling became popular.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance
movement and are still major areas of concern.

Answer 1

Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

Question 2

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

a. “Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother’s attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?”
b. “Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the corporate world. I support you 100%. I’d say you should be optimistic and go for the position.”
c. “Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
d. “In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?”

Answer 2

“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”

Question 3

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance.
d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior- high school- or middle school-level students did not.

Answer 3

A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

Question 4

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual- career families?

a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working.
d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.

Answer 4

Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

Question 5

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self- sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman

a. generally has children before entering the workforce.
b. rarely if ever has children.
c. is not self-reliant.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Answer 5

Is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Question 6

Studies indicate that

a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most
students.

Answer 6

Students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Question 7

Statistics reveal that

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
b. fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before.
c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs.
d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have
fewer skills.

Answer 7

On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

Question 8

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
a. the client is having fun at work or away from work.
b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work.
c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

Answer 8

The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

Leisure time is defined as time away from work in which the individual has the freedom to choose what he or she would like to do. Leisure time is said to be “self-determined.” Leisure can sometimes help compensate for dissatisfaction in the work place.

Question 9

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples,

a. dual-career families/couples have more leisure time.
b. dual-career families/couples have the same amount of
leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner.
c. dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.
d. dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure
time.

Answer 9

Dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.

Both partners in the single-career relationship have more leisure time.

Question 10

A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman” is showing an example of

a. gender bias.
b. counselor bias.
c. the trait-and-factor theory.
d. developmental theory and career choice.

Answer 10

Gender bias.

Question 11

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes.
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.

Answer 11

Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

Historically speaking, the trait-and-factor theory is considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice.

Question 12

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching
approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

a. Parsons and Williamson.
b. Roe and Brill.
c. Holland and Super.
d. Tiedeman and O’Hara.

Answer 12

Parsons and Williamson.

Question 13

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

a. job selection is a long-term development process.
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process.
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the
appropriate job.
d. b and c.

Answer 13

B and C.

Parsons suggests three steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach. (a) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests. (b) Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them. (c) Matching the individual with the work.

Question 14

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

a. the father of lifestyle.
b. the father of modern counseling.
c. the father of vocational guidance.
d. the fourth force in counseling.

Answer 14

The father of vocational guidance.

Question 15

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to
career counseling?

a. The approach attempts to match the person’s traits with the requirements of a job.
b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career
maturity.
d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and
Williamson.

Answer 15

The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career
maturity.

Developmental approaches delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the life span. Thus, vocational development parallels psychosocial, cognitive, and personality development.

Question 16

Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

a. Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
b. Binet and the Wechsler.
c. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

Answer 16

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

Suggested memory devices: Minnesota means matching or Minnesota and matching both begin with an “M.” Williamson was associated with the University of Minnesota for over 40 years.

Question 17

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ________ into account.

a. individual change throughout the life span
b. relevant psychometric data
c. personality
d. jobrequirements

Answer 17

Individual change throughout the life span

Question 18

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious
need.
d. based on the work of Pavlov.

Answer 18

Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

Question 19

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

a. unconscious and preconscious.
b. fields and levels.
c. yin and yang.
d. transactional analysis nomenclature.

Answer 19

Fields and Levels.

The eight occupational “fields” include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment. The six “levels” of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.

Question 20

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except:

a. Service.
b. Science.
c. Arts and entertainment.
d. Unskilled.

Answer 20

Unskilled.

The eight occupational “fields” include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment.

Question 21

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except:

a. Outdoor.
b. Semiskilled.
c. Semiprofessional/smallbusiness.
d. Professional and managerial.

Answer 21

Outdoor.

The six “levels” of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.

Question 22

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective,
avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

a. experiences neurosis or psychosis.
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves)
toward people or away from people.
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be
highly motivated to succeed.

Answer 22

Will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

Some texts and exams will refer to the avoidant child-rearing style as “rejecting.” It is an emotionally cold or hostile style.

Question 23

Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

a. lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.
b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs.
c. all needs are given equal consideration.
d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical
need.

Answer 23

Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.

The job meets the “most urgent need.”

Question 24

Some support for Roe’s theory comes from

a. The BDI.
b. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition
(WAIS-IV).
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
d. the gestalt therapy movement.

Answer 24

The Rorschach and the TAT.

Suggested memory device: Roe begins with an “r” and so does Rorschach. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is similar in that it is a projective test.

Question 25

In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that

a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and
hence this influences one’s career choice.
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not.
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

Answer 25

Genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.

Career choice is influenced by genetics, parent–child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence.

Question 26

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision.
b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice.
c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice.
d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

Answer 26

The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

Question 27

A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client’s

a. career.
b. lifestyle.
c. job or position.
d. occupation.

Answer 27

Job or position.

Technically, a job refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization. An occupation is broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (e.g., psychotherapists). Career is the broadest category because it depicts a person’s lifetime positions plus leisure. Possible memory device to recall the order from most specific to most general: Joc (which sounds like the word Jock).

Question 28

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

a. Krumboltz.
b. Schein.
c. Super.
d. Bordin.

Answer 28

Bordin.

Question 29

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the
environment.
c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness.
d. are the result of irrational cognitions.

Answer 29

Are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

Question 30

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ________ as an ego defense mechanism.

a. subliminal
b. sublimation
c. repression
d. rationalization

Answer 30

Sublimation

Sublimation occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner. A person, for example, who likes to cut things up might pursue a career as a butcher or perhaps a surgeon.

Question 31

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ________ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.

a. subliminal
b. sublimation
c. suppression
d. introjection

Answer 31

Sublimation

Question 32

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the
work of
a. Anne Roe.
b. Donald Super.
c. John Holland.
d. Jane Loevinger.

Answer 32

John Holland.

Question 33

Holland categorized ________ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
a. two
b. five
c. three
d. six

Answer 33

Six

Question 34

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ________ theorists.

a. behavior modification
b. ego psychologists
c. experiential
d. personality

Answer 34

Personality.

Question 35

Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant.
c. four major personality categories exist.
d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.

Answer 35

An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

Question 36

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising.
d. realistic.

Answer 36

Social.

Question 37

Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be

a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising
d. realistic.

Answer 37

Enterprising.

Question 38

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland’s ________ typology.

a. artistic
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic

Answer 38

Realistic.

Question 39

Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ________ type.

a. investigative
b. social
c. enterprising
d. artistic

Answer 39

Investigative.

Question 40

Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

a. A 72-year-old part-time, male ballet instructor.
b. A 29-year-old female fiction writer.
c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.

Answer 40

A 33-year-old female drill press operator.

Question 41

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ________ category.

a. artistic
b. conventional
c. realistic
d. social

Answer 41

Conventional

Question 42

In regard to an individual’s behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories.
b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless.
c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).
d. a and b.

Answer 42

Most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

Question 43

Holland believed that

a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
b. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes.
c. one’s personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one’s occupational choice.
d. b and c.

Answer 43

A given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

Question 44

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock’s theory, based on the work of ________ is also considered a personality approach.

a. Donald Super
b. Robert Rosenthal
c. David Wechsler
d. Henry Murray

Answer 44

Henry Murray.

Henry Murray created the “needs-press” theory and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan) projective test. The occupation is used to meet a person’s current need.

Question 45

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models—were

a. Super and Roe.
b. Hoppock and Holland.
c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
d. Brill and Bordin.

Answer 45

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

Question 46

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood.
b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span.
c. career choice is reversible.
d. all of the above.

Answer 46

All of the above.

Question 47

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development:

a. informal, formal, and concrete.
b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11–17), and
realistic (age 17 to early twenties).
c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete.
d. oral, anal, and phallic.
See the question and answer

Answer 47

Fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11–17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).

Question 48

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

a. id impulses.
b. the Critical Parent.
c. the-self-concept.
d. ego strength.

Answer 48

The-self-concept.

Super and self-concept both begin with an “s.” How convenient! The assumption here is that the individual chooses a career which allows the self-concept to be expressed

Question 49

Super’s life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages.

a. five
b. four
c. three
d. nine

Answer 49

Five.

The stages are: first, Growth (birth to age 14); second, Exploration (ages 15–24); third, Establishment (ages 24–44); fourth, Maintenance (ages 44–64); and fifth, Decline (age 65+). Suggested memory device: GEE MD. (Note, so far as the two “Es” are concerned, common sense would dictate that exploration would come before establishment.) Developmental theories like Donald Super’s emphasize longitudinal career- related behavior.

Question 50

Super’s life-span theory includes

a. the life-career rainbow.
b. the life-career stars.
c. the life-career moon.
d. the life-career psychosis.

Answer 50

The life-career rainbow.

The person can play a number of potential roles as he or she advances through the five stages mentioned in the previous question; they are parent, homemaker, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, or child. Super called the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span, the “career rainbow.” The roles are played out in the “theaters” of the home, community, school, and work. So far as Super is concerned, career can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations, and even family roles.

Question 51

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

a. John Crites.
b. Anne Roe.
c. John Holland.
d. Nancy Schlossberg.

Answer 51

John Crites.

Question 52

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

a. John O. Crites.
b. John Holland.
c. David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.
d. Donald Super.

Answer 52

David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.

Tiedman and O’Hara suggested that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process. In the anticipation stage the individual imagines himself or herself in a given career. In the implementation phase (also sometimes called accommodation or induction) the person engages in reality testing regarding his or her expectations concerning the occupation.

Question 53

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

a. Joseph Wolpe.
b. Albert Bandura.
c. Donald Super.
d. Karen Homey.

Answer 53

Albert Bandura.

Question 54

The model Krumboltz suggested is

a. a human capital theory.
b. an accident theory of career development.
c. a status attainment theory.
d. a behavioristic model of career development.

Answer 54

A behavioristic model of career development.

Question 55

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations.
b. give the client a standardized career test.
c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.
d. a and b.

Answer 55

Suggest a site visit to a work setting.

Question 56

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision.” The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:

a. predictive, value, and decision.
b. internal, external, and in-between.
c. predictive, external, and internal.
d. internal and external.

Answer 56

Predictive, value, and decision.

Decision-making theory asserts that although occupational choice is an ongoing process, there are times when a key decision must be made. In the Gelatt Model the predictive system is concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities. The person’s value system is concerned with one’s relative preferences regarding the outcomes, while the decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

Question 57

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with

a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences.
b. personalrules.
c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
d. the Self-Directed Search.

Answer 57

Alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Question 58

Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focuses on

a. fields and levels.
b. circumscription and compromise theory.
c. the career rainbow.
d. on the concept of career maturity, mainly.

Answer 58

Circumscription and compromise theory.

According to Gottfredson people do restrict choices (circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job (and indeed she feels they do) they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sex-typed behavior or prestige.

Question 59

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is

a. to see a state employment counselor for job leads.
b. to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads.
c. surfing the Web to find job leads.
d. securing information via ads in the newspaper.

Answer 59

Securing information via ads in the newspaper.

Some research indicates that only 15% of the population has found a job from job boards. Some exams are calling the process of finding a job on the Internet “job-netting.”

Question 60

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to
the

a. Occupational Options Handbook.
b. Occupational Outlook Handbook.
c. Career Options Occupational Titles.
d. Optional Occupations Handbook.

Answer 60

Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Question 61

At its zenith the DOT listed

a. approximately 10,000 job titles.
b. nearly 5,000 job titles.
c. approximately 20,000 job titles.
d. nearly 100,000 job titles.

Answer 61

Approximately 20,000 job titles.

Question 62

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ________ digit code.

a. nine
b. eight
c. six
d. five

Answer 62

Nine

The first three digits designated the occupational category and divisions, whereas the middle three described tasks in relation to data, people, and things respectively. The final digits helped alphabetize the titles.

Question 63

The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor
in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

a. an occupational group.
b. career options.
c. OOH data.
d. the transfer of skills.

Answer 63

An occupational group.

Question 64

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

a. Richard N. Bolles’s What Color Is Your Parachute?
b. the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
c. any professional journal related to career counseling is
inundated with articles of this nature.
d. Choices and the System of Interactive Guidance and
Information known as SIGI.

Answer 64

The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

Question 65

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

a. State Department of Economic Regulation or the Department of Insurance, Financial Institutions, and Professional Regulations.
b. SOC.
c. SIC.
d. OOH.

Answer 65

OOH.

The OOH, as its name implies, focuses on “outlook” and useful trends or predictions (hence the word Outlook in the title) in the labor market.

Question 66

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ________ positions while women often have ________ .

a. nursing; physician’s positions
b. pink-collar; executive positions
c. CEO; positions as financial advisors
d. labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

Answer 66

Labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

Question 67

A counselor with a master’s degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

a. unemployment.
b. underemployment.
c. the phi phenomenon.
d. the risky shift phenomenon.

Answer 67

Underemployment.

Underemployment occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skill level. This phenomenon can occur when an abundance of educated people floods a labor market which does not have enough jobs that require a high level of training. Hence, as more people go to college the rate of underemployment is expected to increase.

Question 68

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be

a. a social worker.
b. a counselor.
c. a psychiatrist.
d. an I/O psychologist.

Answer 68

A Psychiatrist.

Question 69

In a lifetime the average person has

a. 10 to 15 jobs.
b. two jobs.
c. a single job and stays with it for his or her entire career.
d. about five jobs.

Answer 69

10 to 15 jobs.

The actual figure is a hairline over 11 for men or women. Different sources often sport slightly different figures. Advocates of the constructivist approaches such as Savickas point to this as a sign that the old trait factor or matching where a career prescription is proposed is outdated.

Question 70

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

a. Anne Roe.
b. John Holland.
c. H. B. Gelatt.
d. Albert Bandura.

Answer 70

Albert Bandura

Bandura proposed that one’s belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward that particular occupation. Bandura felt that “chance factors,” such as accidentally being exposed to certain situations, influence career development.

Question 71

The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are

a. computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG).
b. paper and pencil career tests.
c. career theories proposed in the 1940s.
d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH.

Answer 71

Computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG).

Your exam could use computer-based career information systems (CBCISs) in place of CACG.

Question 72

A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

a. the contrast effect.
b. sublimation.
c. the compensatory effect.
d. spillover.

Answer 72

Spillover.

Question 73

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as

a. the recency effect.
b. the leniency/strictness bias.
c. the compensatory effect.
d. spillover.

Answer 73

The compensatory effect.

The compensatory effect suggests that a worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can’t do on the job. Thus, a librarian who must be quiet from 8.00 to 5.00 may go out after work and get wild, crazy, and most importantly loud. Work can also help folks compensate for things missing in one’s family life.

Question 74

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

a. APA.
b. AACD.
c. APGA.
d. NASW.

Answer 74

AACD.

In 1983 APGA changed its name to AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development), which was changed in 1992 to ACA (American Counseling Association)

Question 75

Lifestyle includes

a. work.
b. leisure.
c. style of living.
d. all of the above.

Answer 75

All of the above.

Question 76

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland’s theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests.
b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.
c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where
people have similar interests.
d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one
hour or less.

Answer 76

Satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.

Question 77

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is

a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types.
b. self-administered.
c. self-scored and self-interpreted.
d. all of the above.

Answer 77

All of the above.

John Holland introduced the SDS in 1970 to help those who did not have access (or could not afford) professional career counseling. The test takes about 20 minutes and is suitable for ages 15 and older.

Question 78

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, “The client’s disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work.” This technically implies

a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.
b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds.
c. the client will be standing a lot.
d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.

Answer 78

The client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.

Sedentary: maximum lifting is 10 pounds. Light work: maximum lifting is up to 20 pounds. Medium work: maximum lifting is 50 pounds. Heavy work: maximum lifting is up to 100 pounds. Very heavy work: maximum lifts exceed 100 pounds. The stipulation in choice “d” applies to the “light work” category.

Question 79

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards.
b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids.
c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads.
d. most jobs are not advertised.

Answer 79

Most jobs are not advertised.

Question 80

The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal

a. career aptitude.
b. the personality via projective measures.
c. the individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.
d. spillover personality tendencies.

Answer 80

The individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.

The SDS provides the user with a three-letter code that indicates the three personality types the examinee most resembles. A Spanish version is available. An occupational finder describes numerous occupations in order to ascertain which occupations best match the personality type. A special occupational finder is available to investigate careers and occupations for the military and veterans.

Question 81

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing

a. David Tiedeman.
b. John Holland.
c. Anne Roe.
d. John Crites.

Answer 81

John Holland.

Question 82

The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for

a. K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.
b. children who have not completed the sixth grade.
c. kids who have taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
(PPVT).
d. high school students.

Answer 82

K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.

KCPS offers career planning and online education for virtually any age bracket. The Kuder Galaxy program is for elementary students, the Kuder Navigator targets secondary students, while the Kuder Journey rounds out the choices by providing information to the postsecondary and adult population.

Question 83

Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except:

a. Dual-earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual-career families.
b. Dual-earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families.
c. Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.
d. Dual-career families have less competition.

Answer 83

Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.

Generally speaking, the dual-career family has a job where advancement is possible versus the dual-earner family which is characterized by job positions where moving up the line is not possible or at best minimal. Statistically, dual-wage earning couples are now the norm. Authors have humorously called single-income families an endangered species!

Question 84

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the

a. cognitive therapy movement.
b. humanistic psychology movement.
c. individual psychology movement.
d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

Answer 84

Trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

Question 85

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described

a. as a displaced homemaker.
b. as a victim of underemployment.
c. by conducting a job analysis.
d. as a victim of the hidden job market.

Answer 85

As a displaced homemaker.

This is the definition of a displaced homemaker who also could be divorced or widowed. Just a reminder that gender bias (i.e., any factor that might rule out a job or career choice due to gender) must be avoided when conducting career counseling with women.

Question 86

According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination
a. women make more than men for doing the same job.
b. women make less than men for doing the same job.
c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation.
d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.

Answer 86

Women make less than men for doing the same job.

Question 87

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

a. most women hold high-paying executive jobs.
b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.
c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree.
d. men still make considerably less than women.

Answer 87

Most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.

The concept of “occupational sex segregation” suggests that female occupations generally pay less and lack the status of male occupations.

Question 88

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests

a. positive transference.
b. negative transference.
c. counselor bias based on gender bias.
d. sex-wage discrimination.

Answer 88

Counselor bias based on gender bias.

Question 89

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

a. make the same job choice as a man.
b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man.
c. have lower career aspirations than a man.
d. choose a career well above her ability level.

Answer 89

Have lower career aspirations than a man.

Louise Fitzgerald and John Crites discovered that even when girls manifest higher career maturity than boys, their aspirations are lower.

Question 90

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or

a. be widowed and seeking employment. b. be divorced and seeking employment.
c. a and b.
d. none of the above.

Answer 90

A and B.

The high divorce rate and the declining birth rate have increased the number of women seeking employment in recent years. Another related exam term is dislocated worker. It refers to an individual who loses his or her job because a company downsizes or relocates. It can also refer to a person who has an obsolete set of job skills

Question 91

Midlife career change

a. is not that unusual.
b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare.
c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse.
d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.

Answer 91

Is not that unusual.

This generally takes place between ages 35 and 45 and additional training is often needed. Precipitating factors for the change include divorce, having a baby, caring for a disabled child, empty nest syndrome, and perhaps most important, job dissatisfaction.

Question 92

The term reentry woman would best describe

a. a 32-year-old female police officer promoted to sergeant.
b. a 22-year-old female teacher who becomes a school counselor.
c. a 59-year-old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job.
d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

Answer 92

A 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

The term reentry women refers to women who go from working within the home to working outside the home. Counselors need to be aware of the fact that reentry women typically experience an extremely high degree of career indecision.

Question 93

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware

a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases.
b. that Asian Americans rarely choose scientific careers.
c. that African American males will often choose enterprising
jobs in terms of Holland’s typology.
d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases.

Answer 93

Of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

Question 94

In terms of the labor market

a. music is very effective in increasing the workers’ output.
b. the number of employees that employers want to hire goes
down as salary goes up.
c. the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases.
d. b and c.

Answer 94

B and C.

Question 95

The career anchor theory was espoused by

a. Roe.
b. Tiedman and Ohara.
c. Schein.
d. Super and Savickas.

Answer 95

Schein.

Question 96

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume

a. should downplay the value of the cover letter.
b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more
effective.
c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and
weight data.
d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Answer 96

Should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Question 97

The in-basket technique would be best

a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.
b. when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices and careers.
c. when you are counseling a senior in high school who is unsure whether to go to college.
d. when you are counseling a senior in college who is contemplating graduate school.

Answer 97

When you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.

The in-basket technique is a job simulation in which the job candidate is given a basket (or package of materials) including memos, e-mails, phone messages, requests for presentations, data reports, and, yes, even complaints, that a manager would typically encounter after being off work for a period of time. The person making the hiring decision then monitors how the candidate makes decisions, prioritizes, pays attention to detail, delegates, and responds to the correspondence. This technique is very popular with formal assessment centers and the job applicant is generally expected to communicate why he or she is choosing the various responses. The strategy is also recommended for trainees.

Question 98

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

a. is very behavioristic.
b. is indicative of a client-centered approach.
c. ispsychodynamic.
d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.

Answer 98

Is very behavioristic.

The job-finding club is an example of a behavioristic group strategy in that the clients share job leads and work on actual skills (e.g., interviewing) which are necessary in order to secure work. Job clubs are highly recommended for the disabled.

Question 99

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?
a. Albert Ellis.
b. John O. Crites.
c. John Krumboltz.
d. Robert Hoppock.

Answer 99

Robert Hoppock.

Hoppock, the correct theorist here, feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs. Lastly, as your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.

Question 100

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except:

a. Stereotyping.
b. The tests all take at least three hours to administer.
c. The counselor may rely too heavily on test results.
d. Many tests are biased in favor of white middle-class clients.

Answer 100

The tests all take at least three hours to administer.

Most instruments take less than an hour to complete.