World Englishes

Question 1

Outline Kachru’s ‘inner circle’ (of his 3 circles of world Englishes)

Answer 1

• Inner circle: traditional bases of English, forms norms; English is spoken as 1st language (US, UK, Canada…)

Question 2

Outline Kachru’s ‘outer circle’ (of his 3 circles of world Englishes)

Answer 2

• Outer circle: spread of English in non-native settings, English has become part of chief institutions; English is second language (India, Singapore, Malaysia…)

Question 3

Outline Kachru’s ‘expanding circle’ (of his 3 circles of world Englishes)

Answer 3

• Expanding circle: English is learned as a foreign language (as a vehicle for international communication), and these countries have no history of colonisation from the inner circle; (China, Japan, Greece…)