Final Exam / Exam 4

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

behavior meant to physically or mentally harm another person

Question 2

hostile aggression

Answer 2

motivated by anger, hostility

Question 3

instrumental aggression

Answer 3

other motives

Question 4

situational influences of aggression

Answer 4

1. heat
2. media (video games, movies…)
3. social rejection

Question 5

heat and aggression

Answer 5

1. heat → physiological arousal
2. angering situation
3. misattribution of arousal

Question 6

media and aggression

Answer 6

most has to do with priming and accessibility; with aggressive or violent content being primed into an angering interaction, they can think or act more violently than they would if it was not for the priming.

Question 7

meta-analysis of aggression

Answer 7

1. physiological arousal
2. aggressive thoughts
3. aggressive emotions
4. aggressive behavior
5. reduced prosocial behavior

Question 8

social rejection and aggression

Answer 8

• social pain reacts similarly to physical pain (remember the Tylenol study?)
• functionalist view = real threat if rejected
• less prosocial behavior is rejected

Question 9

construal process of aggression

Answer 9

situation → subjective construal →anger → aggression

Question 10

the weapons effect

Answer 10

presence of weapon(s) → aggression
- only works if one has a negative construal of guns

Question 11

catharsis myth

Answer 11

idea that acting aggressively reduces aggression; has been disproven

Question 12

best ways to reduce anger?

Answer 12

• delay
• distract; must be something INCOMPATIBLE with anger
• distancing: 3rd person language/perspective

Question 13

how does culture affect aggression?

Answer 13

• cultures vary in level and type of aggression (southern vs northern, women vs men)
• aggression can be LEARNED

Question 14

cultures of honor

Answer 14

men in rural south have more reputational concerns, endorse violence as response to insults, and have more argument related homicides

Question 15

prosocial behavior

Answer 15

voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Question 16

bystander effect

Answer 16

more people → any one person less likely to help

Question 17

failing to interpret a situation as an emergency =

Answer 17

pluralistic ignorance

Question 18

failing to take responsibility =

Answer 18

diffusion of responsibility

Question 19

altruism

Answer 19

purely unselfish behavior

Question 20

empathy

Answer 20

identifying with another, feel what they feel

Question 21

selfish motives to altruism

Answer 21

social rewards, reducing personal distress

Question 22

from an evolutionary perspective, natural selection should favor selfishness. the exception to this is…

Answer 22

kin selection and reciprocal altruism

Question 23

stereotype

Answer 23

cognition; belief about traits of a group and its members

Question 24

prejudice

Answer 24

attitude/affect; attitude or feeling towards group and its members, positive or negative

Question 25

discrimination

Answer 25

behavior; treating someone differently based on their group

Question 26

old-fashioned racism

Answer 26

on the decline, though is being replaced by new kinds of racism

Question 27

modern racism

Answer 27

• the rejection of being racist, but holding prejudices
• racist jokes (“it is just a joke!”), justifying for non-racist reasons, belief that racism is over

Question 28

benevolent racism

Answer 28

• seems positive on surface; actually harmful
• limits opportunities, used to deny prejudice, react negatively when stereotypes are not met

Question 29

how do you measure prejudice?

Answer 29

• direct measures: self-report; cheap, easy but not most accurate
• implicit measures: indirect measures; assess reactions that occur automatically, but may not be aware of

Question 30

social-cognitive approach to stereotyping

Answer 30

1. categorization & stereotypes (schemas) conserve mental resources
2. normal cognitive processes → stereotypes
   - outgroup homogeneity bias
   - illusory correlations
   - confirmation bias
   - self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 31

outgroup homogeneity bias

Answer 31

tendency to perceive more variability in ingroup members

Question 32

illusory correlations

Answer 32

uncommon things stand out, such as minority groups or negative behaviors; creates paired distinctiveness

Question 33

confirmation bias

Answer 33

tendency to test proposition by seeking info that supports it

Question 34

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 34

tendency to act in ways that lead others to confirm our expectations of them