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9th Grade Flashcards > yet another science test > Flashcards

yet another science test Flashcards

1
Q

electrons shared by 3 or more atoms are _____

A

delocalized

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2
Q

describes how strongly atoms of that element pull on electrons in chemical bonds

A

electronegativity

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3
Q

covalent bond where the atoms have equal electronegativity, so both atoms share their electrons equally, and the electrons are not pulled closer to one atom than to the other

A

nonpolar bond

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4
Q

covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons

A

polar bond

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5
Q

molecule that has opposite partial charges on opposite ends

A

polar molecule

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6
Q

a substance consisting of atoms covalently bonded into a large structure that does not contain a specific number of atoms

A

covalent network

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7
Q

simplest ratio of atoms in a nonmolecular compound

A

formula unit

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8
Q

form of bonding created through the transfer of electrons

A

ionic bonding

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9
Q

attraction between the oppositely charged ions

A

ionic bond (between a metal and nonmetal)

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10
Q

ion formed from a group of atoms

A

polyatomic ion

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11
Q

negative ion

A

anion

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12
Q

positive ion

A

cation

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13
Q

form of bonding created through the sharing of electrons

A

metallic bonding

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14
Q

bonding in metals in which valence electrons are shared by all the atoms in the metal

A

metallic bonding

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15
Q

prefixes:
1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four
5. five
6. six
7. seven
8. eight
9. nine
10. ten

A
  1. mono-
  2. di-
  3. tri-
  4. tetra-
  5. penta-
  6. hexa-
  7. hepta-
  8. octa-
  9. nona-
  10. deca-
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16
Q

formula that tells how many of each type of atom are in a molecule

A

molecular formula

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17
Q

formula that shows the general arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

A

structural formula

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18
Q

formula that shows only the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

A

empirical formula

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19
Q

strongest intermolecular force

A

hydrogen bond

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20
Q

weakest intermolecular force

A

London force

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21
Q

intermolecular force that affects nonpolar molecules

A

London force

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22
Q

intermolecular force that affects normal polar molecules

A

dipole-dipole force

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23
Q

intermolecular force that affects every type of molecule

A

London force

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24
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

solution

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25
Q

substance doing the dissolving in a solution

A

solvent

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26
Q

process where ions break apart into smaller ions

A

dissociation

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27
Q

three ways to increase the rate that a substance dissolves in a solution

A
  1. stir
  2. crush / grind
  3. heat
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28
Q

ability of one substance to dissolve in another substance to form a solution

A

solubility

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29
Q

a substance that dissolves easily in a solvent

A

soluble

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30
Q

a solid formed when a substance “undissolves”

A

precipitate

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31
Q

general rule explaining polar substances dissolve polar substances and nonpolar dissolve nonpolar

A

“like dissolves like”

32
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.022 x 10 to the 23

33
Q

unit representing Avogadro’s number

A

mole

34
Q

measure of solution concentration as moles of solute per liters of solution

A

molarity

35
Q

concentration measured as the moles of solute in a given mass of solvent (kilograms)

A

molality

36
Q

process of mixing molecules of one substance with another substance by random molecular motion

A

diffusion

37
Q

allow some substances to diffuse through them but not other substances

A

semipermeable

38
Q

one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

39
Q

expression that uses chemical symbols to represent a chemical reaction

A

chemical equation

40
Q

substances that undergo change

A

reactants (on left side of chemical equation)

41
Q

substances produced by change

A

products (on right side of chemical equation)

42
Q

number before each chemical formula that shows how many molecules or formula units of that substance are involved in the reaction

A

coefficient

43
Q

small number on the bottom right that tells how many elements are in the molecule

A

subscript

44
Q

3CO(subscript 4) has ______ molecules

A

3

45
Q

3CO(subscript 4) has ______ atoms

A

15 (12 in oxygen; 3 in carbon)

46
Q

how many atoms of oxygen are there in 4Ca(OH) subscript 2 on (OH) ?

A

8 atoms of oxygen

47
Q

states that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products

A

law of conservation of mass

48
Q

AB -> A + B is a _______ reaction

A

decomposition

49
Q

NaCl + AgNo -> NaNo + AgCl is a ______ reaction

A

double displacement

50
Q

H(subscript 2) + I(subscript 2) -> 2HI is a ______ reaction

A

combination

51
Q

AB + CD -> AD +CB is a ______ reaction

A

double displacement

52
Q

the study of the relationship between chemical reactions and the laws of thermodynamics

A

chemical thermodynamics

53
Q

a form of potential energy that may be released as thermal energy when molecules combine or break apart

A

chemical energy

54
Q

chemical reaction that releases thermal energy

A

exothermic reaction

55
Q

chemical reactions that cause thermal energy to be absorbed and stored in the chemical bonds of the products

A

endothermic reactions

56
Q

a reaction that is able to occur by itself without continuing outside help

A

spontaneous

57
Q

states that the entropy of the products can be lower than the entropy of the reactants only if the entropy of the surroundings increases by a greater amount

A

second law of thermodynamics

58
Q

says that the energy gained or lost by a system equals the energy lost or gained by the surroundings

A

first law of thermodynamics

59
Q

kinetic energy necessary for molecules to chemically react

A

activation energy

60
Q

area of chemistry that addresses the rates of chemical reactions

A

chemical kinetics

61
Q

substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction

A

catalyst

62
Q

four ways to increase reaction rate:

A
  1. heat (increase)
  2. surface area
  3. pressure/concentration
  4. catalyst
63
Q

reaction that can be made to go backwards

A

reversible reaction

64
Q

in a reversible reaction, if both reactions occur at the same rate, the system is in _______

A

chemical equilibrium

65
Q

says that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will react to at least partially offset that disturbance

A

Le Chatelier’s principle

66
Q

any ionic compound that does not contain a hydrogen ion (H+) or hydroxide ion (OH–)

A

salt

67
Q

any substance that produces hydroxide anions (OH–) in aqueous solution

A

base

68
Q

any substance that produces hydrogen cations (H+) when dissolved in aqueous (water) solution

A

acid

69
Q

a cation of a base and an anion of an acid form a _____

A

salt

70
Q

H(subscript3)O+

A

hydronium ion

71
Q

_____ produces hydronium when dissolved in water

A

acid

72
Q

acids and bases that completely dissociate or react to form hydroxide ions are ______

A

strong

73
Q

acids and bases that only partially dissociate to form ions are _____

A

weak

74
Q

a reaction that occurs when a strong acid reacts with a strong base

A

neutralization reaction

75
Q

neutralization reactions form ____ and ____

A

salt and water

76
Q

scale that represents the concentration of hydronium

A

pH scale

77
Q

on the pH scale:
1. less than 7
2. 7
3. greater than 7

A
  1. acids
  2. neutral
  3. bases

9th Grade Flashcards (71 decks)

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