Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Produce offspring genetically identical to their parents

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Produces offspring genetically different from their parents - new individual formed by fusion of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

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3
Q

What are the gametes?

A

Haploid cells
Male: sperm
Female: ova

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4
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

1 parent, gametes not produced, genetically identical offspring, cell divisions are mitotic, large number of offspring in short time

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5
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction l

A

2 parents, gametes produced, genetic variation of offspring, produced by meiotic division and zygote developed by mitotic division, less offspring

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6
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Diploid cells replicate and divide twice via meiosis - half the number of chromosomes as it’s parent cell

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7
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of 2 haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

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8
Q

What is it meant by humans being diploid organisms?

A

Require 23 chromosomes from father 23 from mother - 46 chromosomes - 22 autosomal and 1 sex-linked

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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division reduces the no. of chromosomes in parent cell by half and produces 4 gamete cells

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division resulting in 2 daughter cells - same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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11
Q

What do autosomal chromosomes control?

A

Development of the human body & variable characteristics e.g. hair colour, blood type

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12
Q

What do the sex chromosomes code for?

A

Development of internal & external sex organs

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13
Q

What are sex organs composed up?

A

The gonads, internal genitalia, external genitalia

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14
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes
Males:testes
Females:ovaries

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15
Q

What is Müllerian Inhibiting Substance/ anti-Müllerian hormone?

A

Secreted by foetal testis causes regression of the Müllerian ducts to prevent differentiation of female reproductive organs in males

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16
Q

Name and explain an X-linked trait?

A

Colour blindness - confuse colours, colours aren’t as bright, no colours at all - inherited but can arise due to Brian & eye damage - Ishihara test

17
Q

What is intersex?

A

People born with parts of both males & females reproductive system (complete/incomplete parts) - 1.7%

18
Q

What is the Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser Syndrome?

A

Females born without all their reproductive organs

19
Q

What are the 4 functions of the reproductive system?

A
  1. Produce sperm/ova
  2. Transport cells
  3. Sustain these cells
  4. Nurture the developing offspring
20
Q

Male reproductive system explained.

A

Male gonads are the testes which are suspended in the scrotum. Sperm are produced in the testes, mature in the epididymis and then enter the vas deferns. Vas deferns empties sperm into an ejaculatory duct that enters the urethra. Fluid produced by seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, prostate glands

21
Q

During ejaculation how is* sperm transported?

A

Sperm leaves in a fluid known as semen. Contains basic solution, fructose, and prostaglandins
>400 million sperm/ 3.5ml in ejaculation

22
Q

What are the parts of the sperm?

A

Head - covered by acrosome stores enzymes for penetration
Middle/body - mitochondria for energy
Tail - swimming

23
Q

Cells of testes?

A

Spermatogonia cells - varius stages of sperm production
Sertoli cells - regulate sperm development
Leydig cells - interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules - secrete testosterone

24
Q

What cells are in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogonia cells & Sertoli cells

25
Q

Explain testes structure.

A

Paired ovoid structure 5cm x 2.5cm - tough other fibrous capsule encloses masses of seminiferous tubules(250-300 - 80% of mass) - 0.3-1 m in length

26
Q

Hormonal regulation in males

A

Hypothalamic GnRH promotes the release of LH & FSH from anterior pituitary - stimulate testes - FSH targets Sertoli cells (sperm & inhibin) - LH targets Leydig cells (testosterone - 1° & 2° sexual characteristics) - testosterone & inhibin exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary

27
Q

Explain the female reproductive system?

A

Oviducts (fallopian/uterine tubes) extend from uterus to ovaries - fimbriae sweep over ovary & move egg into tubes
Uterus - thick walled muscular organs, 5cm wide stretch to 30cm, lined by endometrium formation of placenta & varies in thickness during stages of the menstrual cycle, enters vagina at right angle

Vagina - 45° to small of the back

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase, ovulation luteal phase

29
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Females produce gametes in monthly cycles (28 days) - changes in follicles in the ovary & the endometrial lining

30
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Follicular growth in ovary - most variable in length lasts from 10 days - 3 weeks

31
Q

What is ovulation?

A

1+ follicles ripened, ovary release oocyte

32
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum - secretes hormones that prepare for pregnancy - if pregnancy doesn’t occur corpus luteum ceases to function after 2 weeks & cycle begins again

33
Q

What age is optimal fertilisation

A

30

34
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

Oetrogen & progesterone affect the endometrium causing events in a 28 day cycle

1-5 menses - low levels of hormone cause endometrium to disintegrate

6-13 increased production of oestrogen - new ovarian follicle - endometrium thickens & becomes more vascular & granular = proliferative phase

14 ovulation

15-28 increased production of progesterone by corpus luteum - endometrium doubles/triples in thickness & gland secrets a mucous = secretary phase

35
Q

What is conception?

A

Secondary oocyte(mature ovum) releases to the uterus: 4-7 days - fertilisation must occur 24 hours after ovulation - few hours after fertilisation ovum undergoes cell division to produce 2 haploid cells - bigger cell fuses with nucleus of sperm - fertilisation complete when a diploid zygote is formed - embryonic development begins

36
Q

Female hormones control

A

Controlled by GnRH (hypothalamus), FSH and LH (anterior pituitary) & Oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin from the ovary.
Follicular phase = oestrogen Luteal phase + progesterone

Ovarian cycle controlled gonadotrophic hormones: FSH and LH in various amounts during cycle.
Follicular phase FSH - development of a follicle in the ovary - secretes oestrogen and some progesterone. Negative feedback on pituitary

increased oestrogen causes a sudden surge of GnRH from hypothalamus - LH from anterior pituitary - ovulation

Luteal phase = LH development of corpus luteum (progesterone and some oestrogen) Progesterone causes endometrium to build up & negative feedback on anterior pituitary secretion of LH so corpus luteum degenerate.

luteal phase ends = menstruation