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Human Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are prostaglandins made from?

A

The fatty acid arachidonate

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2
Q

Functions of prostaglandins

A

o Uterus – muscular contraction (period pains)
o Mediate effects of pyrogens (cause fevers)
o Memory & brain function.
o Increase blood flow in kidneys.
o Dilate small blood vessels – redness seen in inflammation.
o Protect stomach lining.
o Sensitise nerve endings that stimulate pain responses.
o Relax and contract lungs.

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3
Q

What are some growth factors produced in the body?

A

granulocyte & macrophage colony stimulating factor, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor.

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4
Q

What is leptin?

A

produced from adipose tissue – acts on hypothalamus to indicate satiety – obesity – genetic alteration of leptin – hypothalamic cells lack receptors.

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5
Q

What hormone is produced by the heart?

A

atrial natriuretic hormone – antagonistic of aldosterone

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6
Q

Describe the pineal gland?

A

brain – melatonin (regulates wake/sleep cycle)

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7
Q

Describe the thymus?

A

lobular & lies beneath sternum – converts lymphocytes into T lymphocytes – cells produce thymosin (aid in lymphocyte differentiation)

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8
Q

Describe the pancreas?

A

exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine gland (insulin & glucagon - antagonistic)

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9
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Describe the adrenal glands?

A

sits above kidneys – hypothalamus controls.

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11
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla?

A

cells derived from peripheral nervous system – sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary response & adrenal medulla – tropic hormones don’t trigger these cells – produces adrenaline (epinephrine) – heart rate quickens, increased chemical reactions, glucose released from liver.

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12
Q

Describe the adrenal cortex?

A

produces mineralocorticoids (regulate certain ions e.g. aldosterone), glucocorticoids (affect glucose metabolism – glucose broken down from non-carbohydrate substance), androgens (testosterone), progesterone, oestrogen

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13
Q

Describe the parathyroid gland?

A

parathyroid hormone (works with calcitonin) maintains optimum Ca levels – stimulates osteoclasts, kidneys to reabsorb Ca, intestinal cells to absorb Ca from food – antagonistic to CT

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14
Q

Describe the thyroid gland?

A

secretes T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine) –controls metabolism – most body cells have receptors for thyroid hormones – cause effects of body – hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism – calcitonin (decrease calcium levels)

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15
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin

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16
Q

What is anti diuretic hormone?

A

control volume of blood – regulates water reabsorption in nephrons.

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17
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

females during pregnancy – binds to target cells in uterus - causes contractions

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18
Q

What hormones are described the anterior pituitary?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins (luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone)

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19
Q

What is prolactin?

A

acts with oestrogen & progesterone to stimulate the mammary gland (produce breast milk)

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20
Q

What is melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

acts on melanocytes – synthesise melanin pigment – epidermal cells in skin contain this pigment – genetically determine skin colour – UV stimulates MSH production, causes more melanin to be produced – protects against UV.

21
Q

What is growth hormone?

A

increase rate of growth of skeleton – simulate cartilage & bone cells to reproduce and lay down intercellular matrix

22
Q

What is thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

trigger T3 & T4 production (control growth, development & metabolism)

23
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

triggers adrenal cortex to produce steroid hormones – cortisol (regulates glucose production from fats & proteins) & aldosterone ( regulate sodium & potassium ions) – hormones involved in male secondary sexual characteristics

24
Q

What is luteinising hormone?

A

male – stimulate testosterone production
females – stimulate release of egg, stimulates progesterone production

25
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone?

A

females – maturation of an egg evry month, stimulates secretion of oestrogen
males- triggers sperm production

26
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Sex glands - testes & ovaries

27
Q

What regulates the actions of the pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

In what way does the hypothalamus regulate the posterior pituitary?

A

Via nerve impulses

29
Q

In what way does the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary?

A

By releasing hormones – travel via blood vessels.

30
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary produce?

A

9
7 from anterior - 5 stimulatory, 2 inhibitory
2 from posterior

31
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

mass of nerve cells – floor of brain connected to pituitary by stalk.

32
Q

Explain feedback loops

A

o Endocrine glands stimulated to synthesised & secrete hormones.
 Direct – nervous
 Indirect – nervous system releases hormones
 Conc. of substance in blood
o Hormone travels to target tissue via blood.
o Desired effect occurs.
o Feedback to endocrine gland - + more of hormone produced, - less hormone produced.

33
Q

Give an example of antagonistic hormones

A

insulin & glucagon
o High sugar – insulin released by pancreas, cellular uptake of glucose, glycogen forms.
o Low blood sugar – glucagon released by pancreas, glycogen broken down.

34
Q

What are the two type of hormones?

A

steroids & peptides

35
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers – produced at one site travels via blood stream to another site where it has an effect.

36
Q

What is a gland?

A

aggregation of cells specialized to secrete materials not related to their ordinary metabolic needs.

37
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

ductless – secreted into bloodstream.

38
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

secretes via ducts

39
Q

Function of endocrine system?

A

helps maintain homeostasis, responds to stress stimuli (with nervous system), regulate growth & development

40
Q

What is a neurosecretory cell?

A

specialised nerve cells – endocrine and neuron functions – conducts nerve impulses and secrete hormones

41
Q

What system works with the endocrine system to coordinate physiological processes?

A

nervous system

42
Q

What is the difference between a nerve response & hormonal response?

A

 Nerve cell exerts control in its immediate vicinity by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses affecting nerve cells, muscle cells, or glands.
 Endocrine gland exerts widespread control by releasing hormones into bloodstream.

43
Q

What are the 4 functions of hormones?

A

regulation (control internal environment), response (change in external environment), reproductive, growth & development.

44
Q

How do hormones produced a desired effect?

A

 Hormones bind to receptor molecules embedded in membrane and located in cytoplasm – activates a chain of events – effect of the hormone is expressed.

45
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesised from?

A

cholesterol

46
Q

Which type of hormone can enter the cell?

A

steroid hormones

47
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

Synthesised from cholesterol – pass through cell membrane – bind to nuclear/cytosolic steroid hormone receptors – change in cell.

48
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

can’t enter cell, bind to receptors on outside and cause intracellular events or enzyme cascades.

49
Q

Name the 3 type of recpetors for peptide hormones

A
  1. Single polypeptide chain with a domain on either side of the membrane, connected by a membrane-spanning domain e.g. epidermal growth factor
  2. Single polypeptide chain that is passed back and forth in serpentine fashion across the membrane, - intracellular, transmembrane & extracellular domains e.g. beta-adrenergic (adrenaline) receptor
  3. Multiple polypeptides e.g. insulin

Human Biology (17 decks)

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